ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

Adjective (Relative) Clauses

What is an adjective clause?

İki basit cümleyi birleştirmek için kullanılan sıfat cümleciklerinde, bu birleştirme yapılırken nitelenen isim için uygun olanan relative pronoun (sıfat cümleciği zamiri) kullanılır. Jason has a dog. He never takes it out for a walk. Jason has a dog which he never takes out for a walk. Can you repair the chair? It is in the study room. Can you repair the chair which is in the study room?

Sıfat cümlecikleri bir ismi niteleyen ve o isim hakkında bilgi veren cümleciklerdir.Tek başına kullanılamayan bu cümleler, ana cümle içinde tanımlanmakta oldukları isimlerden sonra gelir. Kate who is always late for school never wears her uniform. Nathan and Jack who are amazingly good at basketball have been selected to the school basketball team.

01

Defining Adjective Clauses(Tanımlayıcı Sıfat Cümleleri)

What is an adjective clause?

Bazı sıfat cümleciği zamirleri edatlar (prepositions) ile birlikte kullanılabilir, bazıları için ise bu kullanım mümkün değildir. which who whom + prepositions where whose when why

Sıfat cümlecikleri ile ana cümle arasında zaman farkı bulunabilir. The beach which I wanted to go to is closed because there was an accident. The beach is closed = main clause (ana cümle) which I wanted to go to = adjective clause (sıfat cümlesi)

Relative Pronouns

Who

• Today, I met a famous mountaineer. He has climbed mountains like Everest.

Today, I met a famaous mountaineer who / that has climbed mountains like Everest.

• The student is happy. She got the highest mark on the test

The student who / that got the highest mark on the test is happy now.

• There is someone at the door. He wants to see you.

There is someone at the door who wants to you.

• The applicant is suitable for the job. We interviewed her yesterday.

The applicant who / that we interviewed yesterday is suitable for the job.

Bu zamir insanları nitelerken ya da hayvanlara karakter yüklemek istendiği zaman kullanılır. Nitelenen isim hem özne hem de nesne konumunda bulunabilir. Yerine "that" zamiri de kullanılabilir. Tanımlayıcı sıfat cümlesinde "who" zamirinden sonra bir fiil gelir. Tanımlanan sözcük sıfat cümlesinde nesne konumundaysa, sıfat cümlesinin öznesi çıkarılamaz.

Which

• I can't find the book. It is about pollution.

I can't find the book which / that is about pollution.

• The painting had already been sold. Sally was very interested in it.

The painting which / that Sally was very interested in had already been sold. The painting in which Sally was interested had already been sold.

• The illness seems to be very serious. Our boss is suffering from it.

The illness which / that our boss is suffering from seems to be very serious. The illness from which our boss is suffering seems to be very serious.

• Kiwis are unique to New Zealand. They are medium sized birds that cannot

fly. Kiwis which/ that are medium sized birds that cannot fly are unique to New Zealand.

Bu zamir cansız nesneleri, hayvanları, bitkileri ve kavramları nitelerken kullanılır. Nitelenen isim hem özne hem nesne konumunda bulunabilir. Nitelenen sözcük sıfat cümlesinin öznesi konumundaysa "which" zamirini bir fiil takip eder. "Which" zamiri edatlar (prepositions) ile birlikte kullanılabilir.

Quiz

QUESTION 1

There are many people in the world --- believe in things which are illogical and have no scientific basis.

That

Who

Which

Quiz

QUESTIoN 2

I showed to my friends the pictures --- I had taken during my vacation.

Who

That

Which

Quiz

QUESTION 3

The interviewer wanted to know the name of the college from --- I had graduated in 1998.

which

who

that

Whom

• I received a gift in the mail from a young man. I had helped him get

accepted into my university. I received a gift in the mail from a young man whom I had helped get accepted into my university.

• I want to introduce you to the woman. I'm thinking of doing business

with her. I want to introduce you to the woman whom I'm thinking of doing busines with. I want to introduce you to the woman with whom I'm thinking of doing business.

• The woman was extremely wealthy. This dress was designed for her.

The woman whom this dress was designed for was extremely wealthy. The woman for whom this dress was designed was extremely wealthy.

Bu zamir insanları nitelerken kullanılır. Ancak nitelenen ismin sıfat cümlesinde nesne konumunda olması gerekir. Edatlardan (prepositions) sonra "who" kullanılamaz. Bu sebeple "whom" tercih edilir. "Who" zamirinden sonra genellikle fiil gelirken "whom" zamirini bir cümle takip eder .

Whose

• The landlord wasn't able to get any insurance money. His house burnt down.

The landlord whose house burnt down wasn't able to get any insurance money.

• The town should be fixed up. Its streets needs to be repaired.

The town, the streets of which need to be repaired, should be fixed up.

• The woman is talking to the police now. Her car was stolen.

The woman whose car was stolen is talking to the police now.

• My friend has helped me get a job there. His grandfather owns his own business.

My friend whose grandfather owns his own business has helped me get a job there.

İsmi niteleyen sıfat cümleciğinde bir sahiplik (iyelik) durumu varsa "whose" zamiri kullanılır. İyelik sıfatlarının yerine kullanıldığı için arkasından bir isim gelir. Whose yerine that kullanılmaz. Whose yapısından önce miktar belirleyen bir kelime veya preposition gelebilir. İyelik bir insana değil de bir nesneye aitse "of which" kullanılabilir. Bu durumda isim "of which" yapısından önce gelir.

Quiz

QUESTION 4

My girlfriend --- father has changed his job is moving to another city.

whom

whose

who

Quiz

QUESTION 5

The man --- we met yesterday was a sales representative

whose

whom

who

Where

• I liked the seaside resort. We spent our holiday there / in that resort last summer.

I liked the seaside hotel where / in which we spent our holiday last summer.

• I walked through the neighborhood. I wanted to live there one day.

I walked through the neighborhood where / in which I wanted to live one day.

• Yesterday, I was at the beach. I found a phone there.

Yesterdary, I was at the beach where I found a phone.

• Last month, I was in Italy. I saw many historical buildings and art museums.

Last month, I was in Italy where / in which I saw many historical buildings and art museums.

• Here is the old palace. It was restored ten years ago

Here is the old palace which / that was restored ten years ago.

Sıfat cümleciğinin nitelediği isim bir yer belirtiyorsa "where" kullanmamız gerekir. Where yerine uygun bir edatla "which" de kullanılabilir. (in which, on which, at which etc.) "Where" zamirinden sonra cümle gelir. Yer ifadeleri cümledeki anlamlarına göre farklı şekillerde kullanılabilir. "Where" kullanılabilmesi için tanımlayıcı sıfat cümlesinde "there" bulunmalıdır. I'm living on a new street. It is very close to the mall. => I'm living on a new street which / that is very close to the mall.

Exercise:

Fill in the blanks with "which", "where", "who" or "whom".

1. A great way to improve your intelligence is to have debates with someone whom you can respect.
2. There is a bowling alley near the place where I live which I would love to go to and try out.
3. Richard Feynman is one of the physicists who worked on developing the first nuclear bombs.
4. You should not use any words whose meanings you don't know well.
5. When you got back to the parking lot where we had parked the car, we couldn't find it anywhere.

6. My father is a man who has always thought that success means being happy. 7. John with whom I will go to my cousin's wedding will meet my parents there. 8. Located in San Bernardino Mountains, Lake Arrowhead is a setting which can be quite adventurous to the tourist. 9. There are lots of high buildings in this city whose air is incredibly polluted. 10. Some of the guests whom we'd invited to the party didn't turn up.

When

• I don't like to go shopping on weekends as it is often too busy. Everyone else is out then.

I don't like to go shopping on weekends when everyone else is out as it is often too busy.

• World War II ended in Europe in 1945. The German forces surrendered then.

World War II ended in Europe in 1945 when the German forces surrendered.

• 1980 is the year. The last military coup in Turkey took place then (in that year).

1980 is the year when / in which the last military coup in Turkey took place.

• They haven't yet fixed the date. They'll get married then (on that date).

They haven't yet fixed the date when / on which they'll get married.

Sıfat cümleciğinin nitelediği isim zaman belirtiyorsa "when" kullanmamız gerekir. When yerine nitelenen isme uygun bir edat ile "which" de kullanılabilir. (in which, on which, at which etc.)

Why

• Our boss decided to cancel the meeting . Nobody knew why.

Nobody knew the reason why our boss decided to cancel the meeting.

• I heard on the news that the reason for which the airport closed today was

because of a terrorist threat.

• I am not sure of the exact reason for which my sister has to play loud

music at 1 am in the morning.

• The reason that he gave us for the delay frustrated us all.

"Reason" sözcüğünü niteleyen sıfat cümleciklerinde "why" kullanılır. "Why" yerine "for which" kullanılması da mümkündür. Reason, explanation gibi sözcükleri, "... ileri sürdüğü neden, ... yaptığı açıklama" gibi ifadeler için kullanıyorsak, "why" kullanamayız. Bu anlamda onları diğer cansız varlıklar gibi düşünüp "which, that" kullanabiliriz.

Exercise:

Fill in the blanks with "where", "when" or "why".

6. There is a new park that has been laid out near our house where I take my dogs for a walk. 7. We all go through points in our life where we feel like we don't know what we are doing. 8. The moment when I learned that I have been accepted into the university I wanted was one of the happiest moments of my life. 9. I don't know the reason why we have to come to work so early before customers are even awake. 10. I wish I could go back and live in my old town where I spent my childhood playing and going to school.

1. This summer, my family and I are planning to go to a place where there won't be many other people.
2. While working at this job, there have been times when I felt like I should just quit and go home .
3. The bank has not given me any reason why / for which they charged me an extra $ 25 this month.
4. My sister left very early this morning without giving an explanation why she was doing so.
5. Do you remember the day when / on which we were driving to Antalya.

02

Nondefining Adjective Clauses(Tanımlayıcı Olmayan Sıfat Cümleleri)

NONDEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

Nondefining Adjective Clauses

Defining Adjective Clauses

Nitelenen isim hakkında fazladan bilgi veren sıfat cümlecikleridir. Dolayısıyla bu tarz cümlecikler atıldığında anlam karmaşası olmaz. I want to read the novel Catcher in the Rye, which is a famous book written by J.D. Salinger.

Nitelenen ismin ne ya da kim olduğunu tam olarak anlayabilmemiz için bu sıfat cümleciklerinin verdiği bilgiye ihtiyacımız vardır. I read the book which you were telling me about last year.

+ info

Nondefining Adjective Clauses

Defining Adjective Clauses

Hiçbir zaman who ya da which yerine that kullanılamaz. Ms Mars, who owns that cafe, is our neighbor.

Who ve which yerine daha az resmi bir sıfat cümleciği zamiri olan that kullanılabilir. The woman who / that owns that cafe is our neighbor.

Nondefining Adjective Clauses

Defining Adjective Clauses

When , where ve why zamirleri cümleden çıkartılabilir. She can never forget the day she got married to her dream husband. We decided to have breakfast at the place we had gone last weekend.

when, where zamirleri cümleden çıkarılamaz. Why zamiri hiçbir zaman kullanılamaz. Paris, where I studied Economics, is located in central Europe.

The trainer gave a series of presentations. Some of them weren't useful to my work. The trainer gave a series of presentation, some of which weren't useful to my work. My mother's favourite actor was Sean Connery. One of his best known roles was James Bond. My mother's favourite actor was Sean Connery, one of whose best known roles was James Bond. The army sold some houses to property developer, ten of which will be auctioned on Friday. I've ordered blinds for every window, each of which is different color and style. He has two assistant brand managers, neither of whom is efficient in his work.

Using Quantifiers with Relative Pronouns

Nitelenen isimle ilgili olarak sayı ya da miktar belirten bir kelime kullanıldığında "... of which, ... of whom, ... of whose" yapıları kullanılır.

• I have two uncles , one of whom is a lawyer.

• There are around twenty people applying for jobs here, half of whom will probably not get one.

• There were three options for lunch, none of which looked very good to me.

• The counsellor took two students out of class, one of whose friends had run away from home.

03

Reduction of Adjective Clauses(Sıfat Cümlelerinin Kısaltılması)

1. Reduction of the Verb "Be" :

Sıfat cümleciğinin fiillerinde "be" fiili varsa, sıfat cümleciği zamiri ve "be" fiili atılarak kısaltma yapılır. The man who is angry with the students might be our new headmaster. The man angry with the students might be our new headmaster. The bad weather that is bothering us doesn't seem to clear up. The bad weather bothering us doesn't seem to clear up. All of the work that was done in the past week has been a waste of time. All of the work done in the past week has been a waste of time.

• Babur, a descendant of Genghis Khan, set up the Moghul Empire in 16th century India.

• The doctor treating Rose for high blood pressure has recommended a diet and exercise.

• Graham's wife, injured in a road accident last month, is still off work.

• Nursultan Nazarbayev, the President of Kazakhstan, was the local government head in 1991, when Kazakhstan declared itself independent.

2. Reduction of Simple Tenses :

Bir sıfat cümleciğinin fiili Simple Present ya da Simple Past ise ve etken çatıda ise, fiile -ing eklenmeli ve sıfat cümleciğinin zamiri atılmalıdır. Psychology is a science that involves the study of behaviour and the mind. Pschology is a science involving the study of behaviour and the mind. Customers who wanted to use more renewable energy were limited to installing their own solar panels. Customers wanting to use more renewable energy were limited to installing their own solar panels.

• The satirist, usually taking a view different from that of the average person, makes fun of the subject instead of taking it seriously.

• The film telling the story of the couple claiming their baby was taken by a dingo dog in Australia starred Meryl Streep.

• After we had put up a large sun umbrella, providing plenty of shade, we settled for our picnic.

3. Reduction of Perfect Tenses:

Bir sıfat cümleciğinin fiili Present Perfect (Continous) ya da Past Perfect (Continous) ise 'have' , 'has' ve 'had' yardımcı fiilleri 'having'e dönüştürülür ve sıfat cümleciği zamiri atılır. Bulgaria, which has been influenced by the Ottoman Empire, has some cultural similarities to Turkey. Bulgaria, having been influenced by the Ottoman Empire, has some cultural similarities to Turkey. The school, which had been closed down because of snow, couldn't be opened for a while. The school, having been closed down because of snow, couldn't be opened for a while. The sun, which started to sink over the horizon, is almost out of sight. The sun, having started to sink over the horizon, is almost out of sight.

• The pay rise, having been agreed recently, is more than expected.

• The passangers, having travelled more than eight hours, felt exhausted.

• The students having finished their work can go out.

• The students having attended our course last year will get a discount this year.

4. Reduction of Superlatives and Ordinal Numbers:

'The first', 'the last', 'the next', 'the only', 'the best', 'the worst' gibi üstünlük sıfatları ve sıralama sayıları yapılarını niteleyen sıfat cümlelerinin zamirleri atıldıktan sonraki fiil "to V1" yapısına dönüştürülmelidir. Neil Armstrong was the first man who walked on the Moon. Neil Armstrong was the first man to walk on the Moon. Sally was the next person in line who will take over the company. Sally was the next person in line to take over the company. To infinitive biçimindeki kısaltmayı something, anything, somebody, nobody vb. sözcüklerden sonra ve zorunluluk gereklilik ifade ederken kullanabiliriz. Would you like something that you can read? Would you like something to read?

• Yesterday, I was the last person to leave the office.

• Unless we meet at someone's home, we will have to find somewhere suitable to hold our discussion.

• The best route to be followed is through the woods.

• The only man to be seen there that day was Mr.Smith.