TOPICS 32,33,34 TPT

CHARACTERISTICS

DEFINITION

TIME: Genette talked about: ORDER: relation btw the assumed sequence of events and the actual presentation. Any change is called anachrony. Analepses: flashbacks.Prolepses: flashfowards. DURATION: the amount of space devoted to present the events. Ellipsis: spatio-temporal jump. Descriptive pause: lot of text without story duration. Summary: pace is accelereted Scene: pace is decelerated FREQUENCY: how often st happens in the story. Singulative: n times what happens n times. Repetitive: n times what happens only once Iterative: tell once what happens n times. SETTING:Casual (cause how charact.are) Analogical (if similar to a charact) READER/LISTENER: the writer is influenced by them. There can be a fictional reader as in Pamela

TOPIC 32. EL TEXTO NARRATIVO

All narrations share certain characteristics:

• artificial fabrication
• pre-fabrication
• seem to have a goal
• must have a teller
• exploit displacement

It sequences people in time and place, one or more problems appear but are solved. Its main function is to entertain and hold reader's attention.

AUTHOR: writes the story NARRATOR-POV: the speaking voice inside the fictional world. NARRATIVE VOICE: heterodiegetic: absent form the story. homodiegetic: part of the story autodiegetic: the hero of the story FOCALIZATION: zero: omniscient internal: as much as a character external: know less than characters TIME OF NARRATION: subsequent, prior, simultaneous and interpolated. CHARACTERS: INDIVIDUALS: ROUND TYPES: FLAT GREIMAS' ACTIAN MODEL: -axis of desire: subject-object -axis of power: helper-oponent -axis of trasnmission. sender-receiver. PLOT/STORY: series of events arranged chronologically. Smt the narrative order and the natural order don't coincide.

During the 60's-70's linguists began to analyse the language in use, not isolated sentences. This is called DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

TEXT: a stretch of language that can be understood in context. It forms a unified whole and has a semantic menaning. It is distinguised from a disconected sequence of sentences by the means of COHESION, COHERENCE and ADEQUACY. According to theis main function there are 5 types of text: -Descriptive: gives a mental picture of a scene, object, person or situation -Expository: explain, clarify. Intro-development-conclusion. Devices: illustrations, titles, subtitles, bold, italics, etc. -Argumentative: support or weaken statements whose validity is questionable. - Conversational or dialogical: verbal exchanges between speakers. - Narrative: tells a story. Orientation-comlication-resolution. Intimately connected with time. It's the most universal genre. Narrative text are usually realised in the form of a novel. Grew in popularity in the 18c. thanks to the middle class, the liberty of press and the .Copyright Act (1709)

BASIC STRUCTURES: UNIVERSALS

ABSTRACTS: this is the title or introductory element. ORIENTATION: time, place and character orientation is needed. COMPLICATION: the hero must achieve a goal, but there's usually a complication RESOLUTION: climax. The goal is attained, but the hero may be defeated. CODA: moral

VARIETIES -FACTUAL -FICTIONAL

• Exploring How Texts Work, by Beverly Derewianka, 1990
• Werlich, Egon (1976) A text grammar of English. Heidelberg: Quelle and Meyer
• Biber, Douglas. “A typology of English texts.” (1989).
• Ek, J. A. van, and J. L. M. Trim. Vantage. Cambridge University Press, 2000.

tema 33. el texto descriptivo : estructura y características

Structure

introduction

descriptive text

TOPIC: is the element that we want to describe.Smt it coincides with the title (definitions). Frame: news story, editorial, ad...so you can interpret the text you're reading. EXTENSION: develops the topic in 2 kinds of info:qualities or parts. Can be organised as: linear, from general to particular, temporal, round, recurrent.

A text is essentially a semantic unit: for Chomsky NO SMOKING is a text.According to Dressler a text must follow 7 standards of textuality: cohesion, coherence, intentionality, acceptability, informativity, situationality and intertextuality.

• gives a mental image of a scene, person, place, process or emotions.
• they don't usually appear as dominant text
• can appear in novels, dictionaries, tourist guides, textbooks, etc

characteristics

types

• Caricatures: appeal to senses. (Dickens:Oliver Twist, Bill Sikes, Fagins)
• Topographies: London in David Copperfield.
• Syntax: present & past simple; there is/are, passive, purpose clauses, prep & adv clauses.
• Lexicon: concrete & abstract nouns, adverbs.

• should establish & mantain a single impression.
• realistic pov
• vivid description through careful selection of detail.
• VIVIDNESS: Dickens' pictures, Woolf's figurative language (similes, metaphors), Joyce's synesthesia

OBJECTIVE: mere information; lg function:referential; visual or photographic quality. Scientific texts: formal and technical style. SUBJECTIVE: main function: aesthetic.Informal style used to reflect endore's view. Irony used. Evocative style ie: Joyce's "The Dead".Hyperbolic style ie: Joyce's Ullyses.

• Exploring How Texts Work, by Beverly Derewianka, 1990
• Werlich, Egon (1976) A text grammar of English. Heidelberg: Quelle and Meyer
• Biber, Douglas. “A typology of English texts.” (1989).
• Ek, J. A. van, and J. L. M. Trim. Vantage. Cambridge University Press, 2000.

STRUCTURE

ARGUMENTATIVE TEXTS & LANGUAGE TEACHING -GOOD MODELS FOR ANY KIND OF WRITING. -TECHNOLOGIES PROVIDE APPROPIATE CONTEXT FOR SS TO EXPERIENCE THE TARGET LANGUAGE + motivation and involvemeent. -COMM.COMPETENCE: significance over form. -WRITING SKILLS, aim of current ed.system, how to convince a friend of their pov. -BACH SS: must structured argumentative texts into paragraphs.(intro-develp-conclusion) -key competences: CLC, DC -Interdisciplinary units with other subjects (history, science)

DEFINITION

TOPIC 34. EL TEXTO ARGUMENTATIVO

The process of supporting or weakening another statement whose validity is questionable (Hatch, 1992) Argumentation-Esssay where a position must be defended. Ss who use argumentation are suppose to engage in a reflective process that will enhance their insights. Com. Funct: They are intended to persuade & convince the audience

It must follow an organized sequence of selected and reasonable arguments which lead the author to be effective and persuasive. Typical strcuture: intro, explanation of the case, outline of the argument, proof, refutation and conclusion. MANY VARIANTS: MACCOUN

• ZIG-ZAG PATTERN
• PROBLEM & REFUTATION OF THE OPPOSITION'S ARGUMENT+SOLUTION
• ONE-SIDE ARGUMENT
• ECCLECTIC APPROACH (reject some, accept others)
• OPPOSITON ARGUMENT+AUTHOR'S ARGUMENT
• OTHER SIDE QUESTIONED PATTERN
• NOT A REFUTATION BUT A DISAGREEMENT.

During the 60's-70's linguists began to analyse the language in use, not isolated sentences. This is called DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

TEXT: a stretch of language that can be understood in context. It forms a unified whole and has a semantic menaning. It is distinguised from a disconected sequence of sentences by the means of COHESION, COHERENCE and ADEQUACY. According to theis main function there are 5 types of text: -Descriptive: gives a mental picture of a scene, object, person or situation -Expository: explain, clarify. Intro-development-conclusion. Devices: illustrations, titles, subtitles, bold, italics, etc. -Argumentative: support or weaken statements whose validity is questionable. - Conversational or dialogical: verbal exchanges between speakers. - Narrative: tells a story. Orientation-comlication-resolution. Intimately connected with time. It's the most universal genre. DRESSLER 7 STANDARDS OF TEXTUALITY: cohesion coherence intentionality acceptability informativity situationality intertextuality

CHARACTERISTICIS:

PHONOLOGY: intonation, very important to change patterns and emphasise the most relevant aspects. In written text bold and underlined. MORPHOLOGY: nominalization -ness; actions change into nouns;use of negative prefixes as anti-, counter-. SYNTAX: passive voice (objectivity) active (personalise-political speeches) LEXIS: technical terms, Latin & Greek origin. Antonyms.Emotive words

• Exploring How Texts Work, by Beverly Derewianka, 1990
• Werlich, Egon (1976) A text grammar of English. Heidelberg: Quelle and Meyer
• Biber, Douglas. “A typology of English texts.” (1989).
• Ek, J. A. van, and J. L. M. Trim. Vantage. Cambridge University Press, 2000.