FCE topics: 5 discovery

contents

discovery

Reading task

Language Development: future

Speaking

Language Development: inverted cond

Listening: part 2

Vocabulary: Technology

Use of english: sentence transformation

Writing

Language Development: reflexives

Use of english: word formation

DISCOVERY

Reading task

discovery

Before reading Match the fields of science (1-6) with the definitions (a-f).

part 7

1 psychology 2 forensic science 3 genetics 4 linguistics 5 astronomy 6 archaeology

a the study of the stars and planets b the study of ancient societies by examining what remains of their buildings, graves, etc. c the study of how the mind works d the study of language e the study of the characteristics that living generation to the next f the study of blood hair fingerprints, etc. to find out who is guilty of a crime.

discovery

You are going to read four reviews of classic science books. For questions 1-10, choose from the reviews (A-D) The reviews may be chosen more than once. Which review states that the book: 0. follows on from the author's earlier book? C

part 7

1. includes a number of funny stories?
2. is interesting even for non scientists to read?
3. would be a good gift choice for someone?
4. mentions a theory that has been disproved?
5. puts forward the author's own ideas about the subject?
6. discusses research carried out on newborns?
7. reflects the writer's wider educational aims?
8. explains the principles on which important ideas are based?
9. was intended to accompany a filmed documentary?
10. contains very interesting pictures?

discovery

Four Popular Science Books Oliver Mansell reviews Jour hooks, all of which tell us more about ourselves.

part 7

A. In the Blood by Steve Jones This is the book for anyone who wants to keep up-to-date wall the latest intlnenu.il theories. Did you know, for example, that whoever our parents may be, we are all united by DNA. 'The basic stuff of life', which contains our genes? And Jul you know- that most of the population of the world may have descended from fewer than 100 people? New and surprising discoveries like this are being made almost every week, which is why genetics is now at the forefront of twenty-first-century science. Before they'd heard of genes, people believed that family traits were carried in the blood. Today we know that they were wrong. Issues like these are among those discussed in this thrilling new book by Professor Jones. As with his earlier books on other subjects, you will find it hard to put down, even if you don't have a scientific background.

discovery

Four Popular Science Books Oliver Mansell reviews Jour hooks, all of which tell us more about ourselves.

part 7

B. The Human Face by Brian Bates with John Cleese This fascinating book collects together the findings of various scientific studies, old and new. , concerning the human face. One of these has shown that 30 minutes after birth, when our eyes can hardly focus, we gaze at faces rather than anything else. And it seems that we continue to be fascinated with them all through life. There have been a number of psychological tests designed to investigate beauty. but their conclusions only prove what the Ancient Greeks always knew — a beautiful race is one with regular features. So, maybe this is not the book to buy if you want to be surprised with new facts, but it does provide some fascinating insights into how faces have developed over the years, and whether one can judge a person by their appearance alone. Although rather serious in places, the book is packed with eye-catching photos, making it an ideal birthday present even for the most reluctant student of science.

discovery

Four Popular Science Books Oliver Mansell reviews Jour hooks, all of which tell us more about ourselves.

part 7

C. Brain Story by Susan Greenfield As Director of the Royal Institution of Science, Susan Greenfield's main objective is to encourage the greater public understanding of scientific ideas. In this book, she introduces us to the inside of our heads and shows the kind of enthusiasm about the brain that other writers reserve for tine art or football. The idea of 'intelligence' worries her. however, because this suggests that a person's 'brain power is predetermined. She agrees with those who insist that the brain, which is capable of amazing things, is constantly developing, and gets better and better with age. providing you look after it. Although this book develops the ideas introduced in her previous one, The Private life of the Brain, it clearly has television audiences in mind (a tie-in series has just begun on BBC1) and as a consequence it is rather shorter on detail, focusing instead on one or two interesting examples.

discovery

Four Popular Science Books Oliver Mansell reviews Jour hooks, all of which tell us more about ourselves.

part 7

D. The Language Instinct by Steven Pinker Where does our feeling for language come from? How do we learn to speak it so effortlessly? Why is it so hard for adults to learn a foreign language? Cleverly structured, with many amusing anecdotes, linguist Steven linker's book examines why we use language and where this ability comes from. His personal belief is that language is as instinctive to us as flying is to geese, and that we use it to great effect in order to communicate. He illustrates his theory with examples of language taken from various sources, including children's conversations, pop culture and politicians' speeches. A clever user of language himself. Pinker has packed his book full of original thoughts. Because of this, it does not make for light reading, but it will nonetheless appeal both to specialists and anyone who is interested in language and human beings in the widest sense.

discovery

Language Development:future

Future forms

Read the sentences. Guess who is talking to who and what the situation is.

1 'l I don't feel well. I think I’m going to be sick.'A child talking to a parent, in a car, The child is feeling travelsick,

2 I cant, l'm afraid. l'm taking my driving test tomorrow. 3 Did I tell you it doesn't work? l'm going to take it back to the shop. 4 I know what she's like. l'm sure she'll tell everyone, so don't tell her. 5 Hurry up! lt starts at eight. 6 That bag looks heavy. l'll carry it for you.

Future forms

c Match the uses (a-f) with the verb forms in the sentences (1-6)

a planned, decided earlier (intention) b unplanned, decided now (e.g., an offer, a promise) c planned, definite arrangement (e.g., in a diary) d prediction: we notice something in the present that will make something happen. e planned, fixed (e.g., a public timetable) f prediction: we expect something to happen (it is our opinion or we have experience of it)

1 'l I don't feel well. I think I’m going to be sick.' 2 I cant, l'm afraid. l'm taking my driving test tomorrow. 3 Did I tell you it doesn't work? l'm going to take it back to the shop. 4 I know what she's like. l'm sure she'll tell everyone, so don't tell her. 5 Hurry up! lt starts at eight. 6 That bag looks heavy. l'll carry it for you.

Future forms

a planned, decided earlier (intention)

Present continuous

b unplanned, decided now (e.g., an offer, a promise)

Present simple

c planned, definite arrangement (e.g., in a diary)

d prediction: we notice something in the present that will make something happen.

Going to + infinitive

e planned, fixed (e.g., a public timetable)

f prediction: we expect something to happen (it is our opinion or we have experience of it)

Will + infinitve

Future forms

Use the present simple, not will, after time words and phrases that refer to the future (e.g. as soon as, when, before, after).

Which example is not correct? 1 l'll give her the message as soon as she arrives. 2 When everyone is on the coach, it will leave. 3 Are you going to have a drink before the show will start? 4 After we move offices, we'll start on the new project.

Future forms

Correct the mistakes with future forms in this piece

After I will finish the last year of university, I am definitely going to have a long holiday. I expect l am going with my friend, Luigi to a place where we will be doing lots of sport and relaxing in the sun to recover from all our hard work. But before that there is a lot of work. my exam I will start on 15 June and they are lasting two weeks. The results will not have been here before the end of August, 5o I am having a long time to wait. For the next month will have studied for two hours every evening and I won't have gone out during the week.

DISCOVERY

Speaking

let's talk about the future!

1. What things do you think will be possible in 100 years'time? Think about these questions.

1. What will we be eating?
2. What progress will have been made in medicine and technology?
3. What changes will have taken place in education and entertainment?

DISCOVERY

Language Development inverted cond

Inverted conditionals

In this part, you’re going to learn how to use inversion in first, second and third conditionals in English. Ready? Let’s go!

Inverted conditionals

1. Inverted Conditionals – First Conditional (“Should”) Let’s take a simple first conditional sentence: If he remembers his own name, we’ll be able to help him. To invert this: Replace “if” with “should.” Replace the verb with the bare infinitive. (e.g. “goes” →” go,” “has” → “have,” am/is/are → “be”)

Should he remember his own name, we’ll be able to help him. Easy, right?

Inverted conditionals

2. Inverted Conditionals – Second Conditional (“Were”) OK. This one is fun but also a little more complex. There are actually two uses of the inverted second conditional: With verbs, to describe an unlikely future With “be,” to describe an unreal present state Let’s look at them one by one:

Inverted conditionals

Inverted Second Conditional for Unlikely Future Events We can use the second conditional to talk about something in the future that probably isn’t going to happen. You know, like how everyone said that Brexit wouldn’t happen. Or that Trump wouldn’t get elected President. Of course, these things happened — but they seemed very unlikely to happen at the time. That’s when we could’ve used this tense. Here’s an example: If he pushed the button, we’d all have problems. To invert this: Replace “if” with “were.” Change the verb to the infinitive form (with “to”).

Were he to push the button, we’d all have problems.

Inverted conditionals

Inverted Second Conditional for Unreal Present States The last examples (Trump getting elected and Brexit happening) were solid events, with “proper” verbs. But we can also use this inversion with the verb “be.” Example? OK — here we go: If I was ridiculously rich, I think I’d still work. To invert this: Remove “if.” Invert subject and verb. (“I was” → “was I”) If necessary, change “was” to “were.” Were I ridiculously rich, I think I’d still work.

Inverted conditionals

3. Inverted Conditionals – Third Conditional (“Had”) Onward! To the example! If we’d arrived sooner, we wouldn’t have missed the beginning. To invert this: Delete “if.” Invert the subject and the auxiliary. (“we had” → “had we”)

Had we arrived sooner, we wouldn’t have missed the beginning.

Inverted conditionals

4. Inverted Conditionals – Mixed Conditionals If you want to use a mixed conditional sentence AND invert it (you maniac!), the process is really quite easy. Here’s how to do it with this mixed conditional sentence: If the driver were faster, we would’ve arrived ages ago. Look at the first part of your mixed conditional: If the driver were faster, … Invert it: Were the driver faster, … And that’s it — the second part doesn’t change. It makes no difference whether you want to mix the second conditional with the third :If the driver were faster, we would’ve arrived ages ago. → Were the driver faster, we would’ve arrived ages ago.

Inverted conditionals

Or the third with the second: If we’d got just one more signature, we’d be on target now. → Had we got just one more signature, we’d be on target now.

Inverted conditionals

5. Inverted Conditionals – Negative Finally, let’s take a look at negative inverted conditionals. There’s one simple rule here: Add “not” after the subject. First conditional: Should Batman come, we’ll escape! Should Batman not come, we’re in big trouble. But don’t worry, he always comes. Second conditional: Were Tom a smart person, he’d invest all his money in Cobra Industries. Were Anna not a smart person, she’d give all her money to Shady Nick. Third conditional: Had they told us about the dolphin, we wouldn’t have come. Had Anna not voted, the dolphin would have won.

DISCOVERY

listening

You will hear a journalist called Nina Cooke talking about the impact that technology has had on her family. For questions 1-'10, complete the sentences with a word or short phrase. (track 20)

Technology and me

Of all her domestic chores (1)_____ is the one that Nina dislikes most. Nina has no intention of ever buying (2)____online. Nina still buys a newspaper because of the (3)______ provided. Nina believes the convenience of (4)_____ has saved her money. Nina is impressed by the (5)_____ at which teenagers communicate by text. Nina worries about potential (6) ______ son is absorbed in his music The (7) ___ she has gained now the family all own MP3s makes Nina happy Nina praises the (8) ____ facility on the computer, which allows even young children to work on their own. The possible implications of the amount of (9)_____ required by schools concerns Nina. YouTube has given access to videos of favourite bands from the (10)___ for Nina's husband.

DISCOVERY

vocabulary : technology

1 All the items are computer technology. Which have you got/would you like to have? Why? 2 What are the benefits of each? Are there any disadvantages? 3 Which could you describe as a groundbreaking invention? A useful gadget? An important recent development? An unnecessary luxury?

Look at the spidergram.

3D television

robots

What might be the benefits of these items be?

driverless cars

e-book readers

portable gaming devices

Verbs 1-8 are all actions you might perform on a computer.

1 download 2 log on 3 click (on) 4 cut and paste

5 telework 6 back up 7 word process 8 store

Which of the actions can you do using the equipment in the box? More than one answer may be possible. drgitalcamera laptop/tabLet MP3player satnav smartphone

Technology and online learning Describe an item of technology you have that is very important for you. You should say: – what the technology is – when you got it – how often you use it and say how different your daily life would be without it.

1. Task focus: Speculating The key part of this question is the forth instruction ‘say how different your daily life would be without it’. This is asking you to imagine or speculate and is a perfect opportunity to showcase your advanced English using 2nd conditional (If + past tense, would + verb). a) List some of the regular things you do with the item of technology, for example ‘I use my laptop to do research for my university studies’. b) Now imagine how different your life would be without the technology.

For example: ‘If I didn’t have the laptop I’d have to go to the library more often, which would take up a lot more of my time’. Putting the two statements together you have an excellent example of advanced English. During your preparation make a note of some more examples that apply to you.

Look through the vocabulary and decide if there are any expressions you can use in your talk. Discussion x What do you think are the important things people need to learn when they start using computers? x What kind of technological developments have made the biggest impact on our lives? x Do computers make it much easier to study?

Topic vocabulary

to enter a web address a gadget to go online high-spec (laptop) Internet security intranet to navigate a website operating system send an attachment social media to surf the web

a techie to upgrade video conferencing wireless hotspot wireless network

to access websites/email to back up files to boot up to bookmark a webpage to browse websites a computer buff to crash to cut and paste a desktop PC digital editing to download (podcasts)

DISCOVERY

use of englishsentence formation

For questions 'l-6, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between two and five words, including the word given.

1 I don't live with anyone else in this house. OWN I live____________ in this house. 2 It wont help if Tania goes to see the manager. POINT There's______to see the manager 3 He loves her and she loves him very much. EACH They_______________very much.

4 lt was only after she left that I realised that she was famous WASN'T It___________________- that I realised that she was famous. 5 Unfortunately, nobody would paint the room for me MYSELF I________________, unfortunately 6 Caroline was too tired to work anymore, so she stopped. CARRY Caroline_________________ anymore because she was too tired

DISCOVERY

Writing

FCE Writing part 1 Difficulty level: B2 /Upper Intermediate Write 140-190 words in an appropriate style. In your English class, you have recently had a discussion about science and young people. Now your English teacher has asked you to write an essay.

Write an essay using all the notes and give reasons for your point of view. Science is very important in the 2.lst century. How do you think it could be made more appealing to young people? Notes Write about: l television programs 2 interactive museums 3 (your own Idea)

Plan your essay

Answer the questions. 1 Which of these ideas are possible for Note 3? a higher salaries for scientists b cutting back on arts subjects in education. c different ways of teaching science Select the best idea for Note 3 for your essay. What would be your ideas for making science more appealing to young people? How would they work and why? Can you think of an example? Make notes.

Plan your essay

solution l. television programmes

Paragraph l: Paragraph 2: Paragraph 3: Paragraph 4: Paragraph 5:

solution 2: interactive museums

solution 3. (your own idea)

add why this is an important topic

state the overall situation (a problem)

avoid over-generalisation

Make topic sentences from the jumbled words below. Use the words and phrases in the box to make them less generalized. Make any other changes /additions necessary.

-can -for many people -generally speaking -in many cases/situations -might -often -on some occasions -one of -some people feel -it is sometimes/often said - tend to

1 than / more intelligent / women / men It is is sometimes said that women tend to be more intelligent than men 2 harm / than /technology / more / good 3 pets / wonderful / dogs / make 4 should not / to school / allow / smartphones / take / children 5 in the world /to live / best place(s) / Canada 6 lie /truth / better / tell

DISCOVERY

Language Development 2reflexive pronouns

A ) Reflexive pronoun 1- when the subject and the object of a transitive verb are the same He hurt himself when he fell off the chair (compar:e he hurt his sister when he bumped into her) 2 - to mean 'without the help of others’ I repaired the television myself. 3- with enjoy when there is no direct object They enjoyed themselves at the party. 4 - .with by, to mean ‘alone.' She went to the cinema by herself.

B) own 1-' to mean 'without the Help of others' I repaired the television on my own. 2-. to mean 'alone' She went to the cinema on her own. 3- . to mean 'belonging to no other person' I wish I had my (very) own room. I saw it with my own eyes. C) each other/one another when each of two or more does something to the other: They talked to each other/one another. Not: They talked to themselves.

Complete the article about ROBOTS with reflexives and object pronouns:

Robots are not new. As long ago as 400 BCE, the philosopher and mathematician Archytus built a wooden bird that could fly on its (1)____. And in the l7th century, Johann Müller created both an iron fly and an artificial eagle that could take to the air by (2)______. These days, robots a e everywhere but I sometimes ask (3) _____whether they are a good thing. There are even robot dogs that we can have as I pets but I can't imagine buying one (4)_______ . For a start, I can't believe we’d ever manage to communicate with (5)______, unlike real animals. I suppose there is some point in having a robot helping (6)_____ in our daily lives like doing the household chores that some people can't do (7) ____or doing a mechanical job in a factory - but I wouldn't want a robot carrying out a delicate operation on (8)______ in hospital, would you? l'd rather the surgeons did it (9)_____

DISCOVERY

10

use of english:word formation

Look at the examples of nouns formed from verbs. Then add nouns from the last two texts to the table.

Do the quiz. Guess the answers if you don't know.

1 who reached the South Pole first A Captain Robert Scott B Roald Amundsen 2 Who discovered Hawaii? A the Polynesians B Captain Cook 3 Who sailed round Africa first? A Magellan B Vasco da Gama C the Phoenicians 4 Who attempted to cross the Gibson Desert in Western Australia in 1874? A Alfred Gibson B Dr Livingstone

Read the sentences and check your answers for the quiz, and complete them with nouns formed from the verbs in brackets.

1 Norwegian Roald Amundsen reached the South Pole in 1911 with the ___________ (assist) of a determined team and through brilliant ___________(organise). 2 The Polynesians discovered Hawaii in 400 CE 900 years before the Europeans knew of its_________(exist). Making such a Journey by canoe was a remarkable______________ (achieve).

3 The Phoenicians were the first _________(sail) to travel round Africa. They completed their journey in the seventh century BCE without the technical __________(equip) which is available today. 4 The Gibson Desert is named after the _________(explore) Alfred Gibson, who died after his ____________(fail) to reach a camp in search of help.

Complete the table with nouns formed from the adjectives in the box.

dark equal popular

real lonely wide

able long generous

ill kind sad

strong true

-ness

-th

-ity

Complete the sentences with nouns formed from the words in brackets.

1. The _________ (popular) of travelogues has increased recently.
2. The best travelogues have always been ________________(describe) of cultures which are new to the writer.
3. The Hat-lu, a Chinese traveller's (uk) account of the West, was written ln the I8th century by the writer Hsieh Ch'ing-kao, who had the (able) to write vividly about Europe from a Chinese point of view. Its _____________ (important) has been widely recognised.
4. In the 14th century, Moroccan writer lbn Buttuta spent 29 years travelling and making __________ (observe) about Africa, Asia and Europe. We can only imagine the _________ (lonely) he must have felt at times.

Phrasal verbs with come

Their conclusions came in for criticism from some people. A gave B asked for C received

Match the phrasal verbs (1-7) with their definitions (a-g).

1. come across
2. come off
3. come up
4. come round
5. come up with
6. come out
7. come about

1 visit (somebody) at home

5 get discovered

2 find by chance

6 get mentioned

3 happen

7 have an idea for something

4 succeed

Complete the sentences with the phrasal verbs

come up with come out

come up come round

come about

come across come off

1. Did anything important ___________________at the meeting?
2. Tania_________________ last night but you weren't in.
3. l'm sure the truth will______________ one day.
4. We ___________some old school photos the other day.
5. How did the accident______________ ?
6. Jackson's attempt to break the record didn't_________?
7. has anybody ________________any new ideas?