IV.2 - Typy rolnictwa i regiony rolnicze - kl.2LO (dwujęz. rozsz.)

TYPES OF AGRICULTURE AND FARMING REGIONS

GRADE 2 SECONDARY SCHOOL (EXTENDED)

destination of agricultural production

self-supply agriculture

commodity agriculture

rolnictwo towarowe

rolnictwo samozaopatrzeniowe

most of the production is sold

production is mainly for the farmer and his family. Surplus production (nadwyżka produkcji) is sold.

INTENSITY OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION

intensywność produkcji rolnej

INTENSIVE FARMING

EXTENSIVE FARMING

• high amount of crops and high livestock production efficiency
• little variety in the types of production (sometimes monocultures)
• large financial outlays (mechanization, plant protection products, fertilizers, irrigation, introduction of new varieties of plants and animals)
• high labor input and high degree of mechanization / low labor input and high degree of mechanization
• high share of production for sale
• characteristic of economically highly developed countries and densely populated regions in developing countries

• low amount of crops and low livestock production efficiency
• large species diversity
• low use of plant protection products and artificial fertilizers (low financial outlays)
• differentiation in the level of mechanization and the degree of commodity(towarowość) (in underdeveloped countries - very low, in highly developed countries - high)
• less labour input (mniejszy nakład pracy)
• characteristic of developing countries (e.g. West Africa) and poorly developed regions in highly developed countries (e.g. Canada and the USA)

types of intensive farming

MODERATELY INTENSIVE INDIVIDUAL FARMING

INTENSIVE PLANTATION AGRICULTURE

umiarkowanie intensywne rolnictwo indywidualne

rolnictwo intensywne plantacyjne

growing cereals on small farms in Poland

banana plantations in Costa Rica

INTENSIVE LABOR AGRICULTURE

INTENSIVE CAPITAL-USING AGRICULTURE

rolnictwo intensywne pracochłonne

rolnictwo intensywne kapitałochłonne

growing cotton in the Nile Valley

little labor-intensive and mechanized, e.g. cereal cultivation in Europe

types of EXtensive farming

extremely extensive (primitive) FARMING, including free range husbandry

EXTENSIVE , LOW LABOR, MECHANIZED, HIGH COMMODITY FARMING

ROLNICTWO EKSTENSYWNE MAŁO PRACOCHŁONNE, ZMECHANIZOWANE, O WYSOKIEJ TOWAROWOŚCI

rolnictwo skrajcie ekstensywne (prymitywne), w tym pasterstwo koczownicze

growing crops on large farms

manioc cultivation on small farms in sub-Saharan Africa

extensive agriculture, labor-intensive and very little mechanized

rolnictwo ekstensywne pracochłonne i bardzo mało zmechanizowane

rice cultivation in Southeast Asia

types of farming

differ in the intensity of agricultural production and its purpose

PRIMITIVE FARMING

MARKET FARMING

TRADITIONAL FARMING

ROLNICTWO PRYMITYWNE

ROLNICTWO RYNKOWE

it is self-supplying and extensive

it is commodity and intense

ROLNICTWO TRADYCYJNE

similar to primitive agriculture, but can be labor intensive

PRIMITIVE FARMING

• common ownership of the land
• people and animals work together on the farms
• the use of primitive tools, e.g. a hoe (motyka) or a kicking stick (kij kopieniaczy) ( hoe-farming - kopieniactwo)
• ineffective; little productivity
• crops used almost entirely by farmers and their families

In South-East Asia, Central Africa, and some regions of Latin America, there is slash-and-burn agriculture (rolnictwo żarowo-dłogowe) - it involves burning a specific area of forest in order to obtain a field for farming. After a few years, when the soil is no longer fertile, it is left aside (zostawione odłogiem) and another fragment of the forest is burnt down. If a plow (pług) is used for work and the digging process is only additional, this system is referred to as fallow-agrarian (odłogowo-rolny).

One of the forms of primary agriculture is nomadism (free range husbandry - pasterstwo koczownicze). It is connected with constant moving forward with the herd in search of suitable pastures.

Free range husbandry is characteristic for the desert areas of North Africa, West and Central Asia and the Sahel zone. Cattle and goats are commonly bred.

TRADITIONAL FARMING

a higher degree of development than in primitive agriculture the obtained crops are for the needs of farmers and their families excessive production is sold (it is not too much) one of the forms of this agriculture is the fallow system (system ugorowy) - the used soil is left for 2-3 years to rest and become fertile again

two-field system (dwupolówka)- in which the field is divided into two parts (usually equal): ➢ part for sowing and growing plants in a given year (sometimes for two years in a row),➢ fallow part (ugór)(fertilization with animal or plant fertilizers, e.g. lupins - łubin),a three-field system (trójpolówka)- in which the field is divided into three parts: ➢ a part for sowing winter plants (sown in autumn) - on such a piece, spring crops are grown in the following year,➢part of sowing spring plants (sown in spring) - in the following year it is fallow,➢ the fallow part - allowing the land to regain its fertility in spring and summer - winter plants are sown on it in autumn.

MARKET FARMING

• market farming is usually intensive.
• all or part of the agricultural produce is destined for sale
• farms of this type are focused on obtaining maximum profits
• actions which lead to production increase: expansion and modernization of machine parks, the use of mineral fertilizers and chemical agents on a large scale
• market farming is of particular importance in Western Europe, the Americas, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand.

MARKET FARMING

large- or medium-sized area farming focused on animal breeding

intensive fruit and vegetable farming

intensywne rolnictwo owocowo-warzywne

wielkoobszarowe lub średnioobszarowe rolnictwo nastawione na chów zwierząt

characteristic for the south of Europe, California and Florida

mainly: cattle, cheep, poultry; characteristic for Brasil, the USA, Asutralia, New Zealand and European countries.

plantation farming

large-area commodity farming

rolnictwo plantacyjne

wielkoobszarowe rolnictwo towarowe

focused on the mass cultivation of perennial plants (rośliny wieloletnie) of the same species: sugar cane, cotton, bananas, coffee, tea. Common in warm climates.

medium or low intensity, mainly associated with the production of cereals, occurring mainly in the USA, Canada, Australia, Russia, Belarus and Ukraine.