EXAMINE A FROG, UNDERSTAND A HUMAN

examine a frog, understand a human

A Comparison of the Frog and the Human Body

index

circulatory system

objectives

introduction

digestive system

taxonomical classification

reproduction system

comparison

conclusion

respiratory system

references

Objective

At the end of this learning activity, you should be able to: 1. Identify the difference between the two classes: Mammalia and Amphibia 2. Compare the organ system of human and the frog 3. Explain the difference and/or similarities in the function of frogs and human organ system.

introduction

Frogs, for over a century, have been studied across various scientific fields. They are often used in dissection, as their bodies provide a good overview of the organ systems of a complex organism. Though the way their body works is not identical to humans, the presence and position of the organs found in a frog are similar enough to provide insights on how the human body works.

WATCH

Frogs

Humans

vs

• Kingdom: Animalia
• Phylum: Chordata
• Class: Amphibia
• Order: Anura
• Family: Ranidae
• Genus: Lithobates
• Species: Lithobates catesbeianus

• Kingdom: Animalia
• Phylum: Chordata
• Class: Mammalia
• Order: Primates
• Family: Hominidae
• Genus: Homo
• Species: Homo sapiens

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Frogs

Humans

vs

• Kingdom: Animalia - constitutes all animals
• Phylum: Chordata -possession of a notochord at some stage during their development.
• Class: Mammalia -presence of mammary glands in female
• Order: Primates -group of animals that includes human beings, apes, and monkeys.
• Family: Hominidae - known as great apes or hominids
• Genus: Homo - man, or human.
• Species: Homo sapiens - Human

• Kingdom: Animalia - constitutes all animals
• Phylum: Chordata -possession of a notochord at some stage during their development.
• Class: Amphibia - the class comprising the amphibians
• Order: Anura - tailless amphibians
• Family: Ranidae -widest distribution of any frog family.
• Genus: Lithobates - genus of true frogs; one that treads on rock, or rock climber.
• Species: Lithobates catesbeianus -American bullfrog

Frogs and Humans belong to the same kingdom Animalia which comprises all the animals, and they also belong to the same phylum Chordata. The difference between them start from their class, as humans belong to class mammalia and frogs belong to class amphibia.

Class Amphibia

Class Mammalia

vs

• Mammals are also vertebrates. They are warm blooded and distinguished by having fur or hair and mammary glands.
• Internal fertilizaion occurs in human. Babies are carried inside the body of the female.

• Mammals produce milk for their babies.

• Humans grow into large body size as they grow up
• They have several vertebra, allowing the head to move in a wide range.

• Frogs are vertebrates, they have backbone.
• Frogs are amphibians, they are cold-blooded . They live half of their life in or near water, and the other half of their life on land.

• Frogs have small body size and its neck consist of single vertebra, limiting the head movement.

Taxonomy

• External fertilization occurs in frogs. Babies are covered with gelatinous covering

Taxonomy

Comparison

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VS

explore

explore

Human Body (11 Organ System)

Nervous System

Muscular System

Respiratory System

Circulatory System

Integumantary System

EndocrineSystem

Digestive System

Reproductive System

Excrretory System

Lymphatic System

Skeletal System

External Anatomy

Frog's Body (10 Organ System)

Muscular System

Nervous System

Cardiovascularr System

Skeletal System

Endocrine System

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Digestive S ystem

Respiratory System

Endocrine System

Reproductive S ystem

Urinary System

Circulatory System

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Excretory System

Skeletal System

Digestive System

Lymphatic System

Reproductive System

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Intergumentary System

Muscular System

Intergumentary System

Human Body (11 Organ System)

External Anatomy

Respiratory System

Both body use their lungs to take in oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide. But frogs respiratory system is quite unique because frog's skin is also used to exchange gases, that is why their skin is moist. This is known as cutaneous respiration, where oxygen pass through the skin and directly into the bloodstream. Frog lacks ribs nor a diaphragm, while human uses it to create vacuum and pulls air into the lungs. Frogs inhale and exhale through the mouth only, while humans can in both mouth and nose.

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Frog

Human

Circulatory System

Frog

Human

The circulatory system of frog performs similar function as human, they have a closed circulatory system That pumps blood though out the body, but the structure is somewhat diffrernt. frogs circulatory system is not as effective as humans in delicery of oxygen as thBoth body consist of 3 main parts; the blood, blood vessels and the heart.

Differences

Circulatory System

Frog

Human

Human

Frog

• Frogs heart only have three- chambered which consist of two atria and one ventricle.
• Oxygenated and deocygenated blood mix in the heart.
• Frogs have three circuit for their circulation

• Humans heart has 4 chamber which consist of two atria and two ventricles.
• Human heart has a channel to prevent the potential mix of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
• Humans have two circuit for their circulation

Differences

Digestive sytem

Human

The function of human and frogs digestive system is quite similar. They both work for the ingestion and digestion of food, absorption of digested food nutrients and elimination of undigested food. They both have a mouth, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, gall bladder, small intestine, and large intestine. But there are still some difference in frog digestive system and human digestive system anatomy and function, as frogs do not drink water and absorption of water to the body occurs through the skin.

Frog

Watch

Human

Frog

Human

• Frogs have two sets of teeth, they used it not for chewing but to hold there prey
• There tongue is connected right where their mouth starts
• Frogs don't have appendix instead once the digested food leaves the large intestine it goes out the cloaca.
• Frogs have a shorter small intestine that is consist of two parts; duodenum and ileum.

• Humans only has one set of teeth and they use it for chewing.
• There tongue is attached on the back of their mouth
• Humans have appendix, rectum and urethra.
• Human have a long small intestine that is consist of three part; duodenum, jejunum and ileum.

Frog

ReProductive System

Human

Frogs: Frogs undergo external fertilization Frogs release a large number of ova (spawn) Humans: Human undergo internal fertilization Human release one egg at a time

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Frog

Similarities: Both have testes or ovaries for gamete production.

ReProductive System

Human

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The reproductive system of the frog is the one responsible in making gametes that will be released in the water. Aside from frogs and human both possess paired testes/ovary for gamete production, they do not have any other similarities since frog undergo external fertilization and human undergo internal fertilization that takes place in the fallopian tube.

Frog

Conclusion

In conclusion, frogs and humans do have a lot of similarity in the function of there body. Studying the body parts of a frog and comparing it to humans, really give an overview of the complex orgnism. Though there are some parts where difference is more than similarities, their similarity is to take note on, that is why it is not really that surprising why frogs have been used for dissection over the past centuries . They say that for you to really understand what is going on around you, you need to explore it, and exploring a living organism that is somewhat similar to what the human body have, do really give a better understanding of how things work.

Conclusion

But though this activity shows the simpler version of the fuctions of human body, it also shows why some are against dissection, as it uses living organism that has life comparable to humans. That is why virtual dissection is also recommendable, though it may lack the real exerience of dissecting, but it also provides visual represenation of how it is done.

references

• Retrieved March, 19, 2021, from the Integrated Taxonomic Information System on-line database, https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=180092#null
• Retrieved March, 19, 2021, from the Integrated Taxonomic Information System on-line database, https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=775084#null
• Amphibian Pictures & Facts. (n.d.). National Geographic. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/amphibians#:%7E:text=Amphibians%20are%20small%20vertebrates%20that,glands%20that%20produce%20useful%20proteins.
• Animal Circulatory System. (n.d.). Biology Dictionary. https://biologydictionary.net/animal-circulatory-system/#:%7E:text=Frog%20Circulation,-Frogs%20are%20amphibians&text=A%20frog%20has%20a%20three,deoxygenated%20blood%20from%20the%20veins.&text=The%20pulmonary%20circuit%20moves%20blood%20to%20the%20lungs%20to%20pick%20up%20oxygen.
• Lakna, B. (2018, April 29). How is the Frog Digestive System Different from Humans. Pediaa.Com. https://pediaa.com/how-is-the-frog-digestive-system-different-from-humans/
• What does the reproductive system of a frog do? How is this similar to the human reproductive system? | Socratic. (n.d.). Socratic.Org. https://socratic.org/questions/what-does-the-reproductive-system-of-a-frog-do-how-is-this-similar-to-the-human-

Submitted by:Trixie Joyce Onesa