From Quoting Characteristics (prescriptive and Descriptive Language) By: Lindo Erika and Watson Syndy
Origin of Quoting
According to the Online Etymology
Dictionary quote begins in 14 c. coten, “to make a book with chapter numbers or marginal numbers.” From Latin quotus… The sense development is via “to give as a reference, to cite as an authority” (1570s)
NoteA false quotation and nonfiction writing is called a misquote. A misquote in the media can have serious effects.
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What is quoting?
Zemach , Broudy & Valvona affirm that quoting is " using the exact works or words of another person by enclosing them in quotation marks." (n.d., p.43)
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Using Direct and Indirect Quotations
A quotation can be either direct or indirect.
Direct quotations. You reported a speaker's exact words and placed quotation marks around them. Indirect quotation reports what someone said, but it does not use the speaker's exact words .
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Exmaples:
Example 1: Direct: “I enjoy rodeos,” Amber said. Indirect: Amber said that she enjoys rodeos.
Example: 2
Indirect: She asked if they enjoyed the rodeo.
Direct: “Did you enjoy the rodeo?” she asked.
Direct and indirect quotations...
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Punctuation using Quotation:
Quotation marks with direct quotations
Use quotation marks at the beginning and the end of each part of a direct quotation. “Look!” cried Tina. “That cat is smiling!” “Of course,” Tom joked, “it's a Cheshire cat.”
End punctuation with direct quotations
If the direct quotation makes a statement or gives a command before the end of a sentence, use a comma. If the direct quotation asks a question, use a question, use a question mark.
“Was it an exciting game?” asked Jay.
If the direct quotation expresses excitement, use an exclamation point. Linda yelled, “It was great.”
At the end of a direct quotation, use a period, a comma, a question mark, or an exclamation point before the closing quotation marks. If the direct quotation makes a statement or gives a command at the end of a sentence, use a period.
Example: Linda said, “Tigers won last night's game.”
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When should you quote?
According to Jerry Plotnick (2002, Director of the University College Writing Workshop) using a quotation is appropriate in the following situations: 1. The language of the passage is particularly elegant, powerful, or memorable. 2. You wish to confirm the credibility of your argument by enlisting the support of an authority on your topic.
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Commas with direct quotations.
End punctuation with direct quotations
At the end of a direct quotation, use a period, a comma, a question mark, or an exclamation point before the closing quotation marks. If the direct quotation makes a statement or gives a command at the end of a sentence, use a period.
Example: Linda said, “Tigers won last night's game.”
Usually, use a comma to separate the words of a direct quotation from the words that tell who is speaking.
Jay asked, “Who won the game last night?” “The Tigers won it,” said Linda, “in 14 innings.”
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Origin of paraphrase.
“Paraphrase comes from the Latin word paraphrasis, which in turn came from the Greek paraphrasis, from the verb paraphrasing, meaning, tell in other words.”
Para means beside + pyrazine to tell, that is, to reword or to restate” (Online Etymology Dictionary) So it can be said that paraphrasing comes naturally first in speaking then in writing.
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Parapharasing When you paraphrase, you represent the idea of the source in your own words at about the same length as the original. You still need to include the reference to the source of the idea.
Avoid Plagiarism
Examples:
Unacceptable Parapharase. Web surfing and channel surfing are truly different activities; to imagine them as the same is to ignore their difining characteristics.
Source Web surfing and channel surfing are genuinely different pursuits; to imagine them as equivalents is to ignore the difining characteristics.
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Prescriptive VS Descriptive Language ,
Method or Approach Prescriptive grammar describes when people focus on talking about how a language should or ought to be used. ... Descriptive grammar, on the other hand, focuses on describing the language as it is used, not saying how it should be used. For example, think about a prescriptive rule like Don't split infinitives.
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Descriptive Grammar.
It tells us how language is used not how it should be used. Rules are applied subconsciously and cannot be broken.
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Prescriptive Grammar.
Tell how language should be used in conformity with grammar rules. a prescriptive view of language implies a distinction between good and bad grammas grammar rules comes first and use comes later.
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Why is paraphrasing crucial in writing?
It is globally used in all sectors, wherever copyright content is available.
It allows a person to present his/her understanding without copying someone's else work.
It avoids plagiarism.
It helps in the development of the cognitive category.
It demonstrates that you understand the argument of the source you are referring to.
+info
Why is vital in writing?
1.Support strongly by authorities . 2.Your ideas will appear more credible and academic to the readers. 3. Readers note your quoting skills. 4.Illustrate a point or act as a discussion point. 5. Do not let so many quotations choke your ideas . Readers want to read what you think or your analysis o the topic.
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Citation.
A citation is a reference to the source of information used in your research. Any time you directly quote, paraphrase or summarize the essential elements of someone else's idea in your work, an in-text citation should follow. ... You do not have to cite your own ideas, unless they have been published.
Two different documentation styles are featured in this research. The most frequently used style in the humanities was developed by the Modern Language Association (MLA). Another style used in some humanities and most social sciences was developed by the American Psychological Association (APA).
Never mix documentation styles. Use only MLA style, or only APA style, or only a different Style required by your instructor.
+info
Example:
Using APA documentation style.
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Example:
Using MLA documentation style.
+info
Ticket to go!
References Walker B. (2008). Basic English composition. Pearson AGS Globe. Shoreview, Minnesota 55126. Forlini G. (1990). Prentice Hall Grammar and Composition. Prentice Hall Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey Needham, Massachusetts
Quitman Troyka L. (1993). Simon E. Shuster Handbook for Writers. Prentice-Hall International (UK) Limited, London
Faigley L. (2012). Writing a Guide for College and Beyond. Person Education Inc.
Quoting , prescriptive descriptive language .
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Transcript
From Quoting Characteristics (prescriptive and Descriptive Language) By: Lindo Erika and Watson Syndy
Origin of Quoting
According to the Online Etymology Dictionary quote begins in 14 c. coten, “to make a book with chapter numbers or marginal numbers.” From Latin quotus… The sense development is via “to give as a reference, to cite as an authority” (1570s)
NoteA false quotation and nonfiction writing is called a misquote. A misquote in the media can have serious effects.
+info
What is quoting?
Zemach , Broudy & Valvona affirm that quoting is " using the exact works or words of another person by enclosing them in quotation marks." (n.d., p.43)
+info
Using Direct and Indirect Quotations
A quotation can be either direct or indirect. Direct quotations. You reported a speaker's exact words and placed quotation marks around them. Indirect quotation reports what someone said, but it does not use the speaker's exact words .
+info
Exmaples:
Example 1: Direct: “I enjoy rodeos,” Amber said. Indirect: Amber said that she enjoys rodeos. Example: 2 Indirect: She asked if they enjoyed the rodeo. Direct: “Did you enjoy the rodeo?” she asked.
Direct and indirect quotations...
+info
Punctuation using Quotation: Quotation marks with direct quotations Use quotation marks at the beginning and the end of each part of a direct quotation. “Look!” cried Tina. “That cat is smiling!” “Of course,” Tom joked, “it's a Cheshire cat.”
End punctuation with direct quotations
If the direct quotation makes a statement or gives a command before the end of a sentence, use a comma. If the direct quotation asks a question, use a question, use a question mark. “Was it an exciting game?” asked Jay. If the direct quotation expresses excitement, use an exclamation point. Linda yelled, “It was great.”
At the end of a direct quotation, use a period, a comma, a question mark, or an exclamation point before the closing quotation marks. If the direct quotation makes a statement or gives a command at the end of a sentence, use a period. Example: Linda said, “Tigers won last night's game.”
+info
When should you quote?
According to Jerry Plotnick (2002, Director of the University College Writing Workshop) using a quotation is appropriate in the following situations: 1. The language of the passage is particularly elegant, powerful, or memorable. 2. You wish to confirm the credibility of your argument by enlisting the support of an authority on your topic.
+info
Commas with direct quotations.
End punctuation with direct quotations At the end of a direct quotation, use a period, a comma, a question mark, or an exclamation point before the closing quotation marks. If the direct quotation makes a statement or gives a command at the end of a sentence, use a period. Example: Linda said, “Tigers won last night's game.”
Usually, use a comma to separate the words of a direct quotation from the words that tell who is speaking. Jay asked, “Who won the game last night?” “The Tigers won it,” said Linda, “in 14 innings.”
+info
Origin of paraphrase.
“Paraphrase comes from the Latin word paraphrasis, which in turn came from the Greek paraphrasis, from the verb paraphrasing, meaning, tell in other words.” Para means beside + pyrazine to tell, that is, to reword or to restate” (Online Etymology Dictionary) So it can be said that paraphrasing comes naturally first in speaking then in writing.
+info
Parapharasing When you paraphrase, you represent the idea of the source in your own words at about the same length as the original. You still need to include the reference to the source of the idea.
Avoid Plagiarism
Examples:
Unacceptable Parapharase. Web surfing and channel surfing are truly different activities; to imagine them as the same is to ignore their difining characteristics.
Source Web surfing and channel surfing are genuinely different pursuits; to imagine them as equivalents is to ignore the difining characteristics.
+info
Prescriptive VS Descriptive Language ,
Method or Approach Prescriptive grammar describes when people focus on talking about how a language should or ought to be used. ... Descriptive grammar, on the other hand, focuses on describing the language as it is used, not saying how it should be used. For example, think about a prescriptive rule like Don't split infinitives.
+info
Descriptive Grammar.
It tells us how language is used not how it should be used. Rules are applied subconsciously and cannot be broken.
+info
Prescriptive Grammar.
Tell how language should be used in conformity with grammar rules. a prescriptive view of language implies a distinction between good and bad grammas grammar rules comes first and use comes later.
+info
Why is paraphrasing crucial in writing?
It is globally used in all sectors, wherever copyright content is available. It allows a person to present his/her understanding without copying someone's else work. It avoids plagiarism. It helps in the development of the cognitive category. It demonstrates that you understand the argument of the source you are referring to.
+info
Why is vital in writing?
1.Support strongly by authorities . 2.Your ideas will appear more credible and academic to the readers. 3. Readers note your quoting skills. 4.Illustrate a point or act as a discussion point. 5. Do not let so many quotations choke your ideas . Readers want to read what you think or your analysis o the topic.
+info
Citation.
A citation is a reference to the source of information used in your research. Any time you directly quote, paraphrase or summarize the essential elements of someone else's idea in your work, an in-text citation should follow. ... You do not have to cite your own ideas, unless they have been published.
Two different documentation styles are featured in this research. The most frequently used style in the humanities was developed by the Modern Language Association (MLA). Another style used in some humanities and most social sciences was developed by the American Psychological Association (APA). Never mix documentation styles. Use only MLA style, or only APA style, or only a different Style required by your instructor.
+info
Example:
Using APA documentation style.
+info
Example:
Using MLA documentation style.
+info
Ticket to go!
References Walker B. (2008). Basic English composition. Pearson AGS Globe. Shoreview, Minnesota 55126. Forlini G. (1990). Prentice Hall Grammar and Composition. Prentice Hall Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey Needham, Massachusetts Quitman Troyka L. (1993). Simon E. Shuster Handbook for Writers. Prentice-Hall International (UK) Limited, London Faigley L. (2012). Writing a Guide for College and Beyond. Person Education Inc.