Oncogenes and Cancer PRESENTATION

Oncogens and cancer

Oncogenes & Cancer

Biotechnology

Economic Impacts

Social Issues

Canadian Cancer Statistics

What Are oncogenes and cancer?

Cancer

Cancer is a broad term. It describes the disease that results when cellular changes cause the uncontrolled growth and division of cells. Some types of cancer cause rapid cell growth, while others cause cells to grow and divide at a slower rate. Certain forms of cancer result in visible growths called tumors, while others, such as leukemia, do not.

Cancer Causes

There are many causes of cancer, and some are preventable.

- Heavy alcohol consumption - Excess body weight - Physical inactivity - Poor nutrition - Smoking

Cancer Types

- Colon and rectal - Bladder - Endometrial - Kidney - Leukemia - Liver - Melanoma - Pancreatic

Cancer Treatments

Surgery Hormone Therapy Radiation Therapy Stem Cell Transplant Chemotherapy

Oncogenes

genetic material that carries the ability to induce cancer. An oncogene is a sequence of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) that has been altered or mutated from its original form, the proto-oncogene.

proto-oncogene

The proto-oncogene is involved in promoting the differentiation and proliferation of normal cells. A variety of proto-oncogenes are involved in different crucial steps of cell growth, and a change in the proto-oncogene’s sequence or in the amount of protein it produces can interfere with its normal role in cellular regulation. Uncontrolled cell growth, or neoplastic transformation, can ensue, ultimately resulting in the formation of a cancerous tumour.

Cancer and biotechnology

Biotechnology is technology based on biology. Biotechnology harnesses cellular and biomolecular processes to develop technologies and products that help improve our lives and the health of our planet.

Biotechnology and Cancer

1. Gene Therapy: Reprogramming a virus as an anti-cancer agent

It can be defined as the using of specific nucleic acids sequences that once vectorized (inserted into a transporter) and delivered to the target cells in the patient, will be inserted into the cells genome and expressed as any other gene might. In doing so, the gene can be used to activate a certain signaling path, or be translated as a protein with many applications.

2. Cell Therapy: The oldest biological against cancer

Cell therapy (also called cellular therapy, cell transplantation, or cytotherapy) is a therapy in which viable cells are injected, grafted or implanted into a patient in order to effectuate a medicinal effect.

3. Monoclonal antibodies

Some monoclonal antibodies can trigger an immune system response that can destroy the outer wall (membrane) of a cancer cell. Blocking cell growth. Some monoclonal antibodies block the connection between a cancer cell and proteins that promote cell growth — an activity that is necessary for tumor growth and survival.

Technology

IMRT

Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) is an advanced type of radiation therapy used to treat cancer and noncancerous tumors. IMRT uses advanced technology to manipulate photon and proton beams of radiation to conform to the shape of a tumor.

IGRT

Image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT) is the use of imaging during radiation therapy to improve the precision and accuracy of treatment delivery. IGRT is used to treat tumors in areas of the body that move, such as the lungs.

HDR

Brachytherapy is a type of radiation therapy that involves placing small, medically calculated amounts of radiation contained in radioactive pellets or seeds that release the radiation directly into a tumor in order to destroy cancerous cells.

IGRT

IMRT

HDR

Cancer and Economic Impacts

The growing incidence of cancer means that the health budgets of nations worldwide are being threatened, with nations facing lost productivity through premature deaths and time taken off from work. Public budgets for medicines and medical equipment are also being strained due to the high cost of treatment. The total annual economic cost of cancer is estimated at approximately US$1.16 trillion and the most recent estimate of the total cost of cancer care in Canada is $4.4 billion.

Cancer and Social Issues

Almost all cancer survivors will face psychological and emotional issues that can show up many years after treatment

Some of the most common psychosocial issues that cancer survivors may deal with:

Body image and self-esteem: weight changes, the loss of a body part, or other changes to the body. Depression: depression affects about two in 10 people with cancer. Fear that cancer will return: it's normal to worry that every ache or sniffle could signal cancer's return, especially in the year after treatment. Loneliness: a sense of isolation is common after cancer. Some might feel like others can't truly understand them. Stress: The changes that come with cancer, treatment and survivorship can increase anxiety.

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canadian Cancer Statistics

Sources

“What Are Oncogenes?” Office for Science and Society, 12 July 2017, www.mcgill.ca/oss/article/health-you-asked/what-are-oncogenes. “What Is Cancer?” National Cancer Institute, www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/understanding/what-is-cancer#:~:text=Cancer%20is%20a%20disease%20caused,are%20also%20called%20genetic%20changes. “Navigation.” NTNU, www.ntnu.edu/ibt/about-us/what-is-biotechnology#:~:text=Biotechnology%20is%20technology%20that%20utilizes,to%20produce%20the%20desired%20product). Https://Cancerres.aacrjournals.org/Content/Canres/48/1/223.Full.pdf. Financial Burden of Cancer Care, progressreport.cancer.gov/after/economic_burden. “Financial and Economic Impact: World Cancer Day.” Financial and Economic Impact | World Cancer Day, www.worldcancerday.org/financial-and-economic-impact-0. EP. Wright, MA. Kiely, et al. “The Degree of Social Difficulties Experienced by Cancer Patients and Their Spouses.” BMC Palliative Care, BioMed Central, 1 Jan. 1970, bmcpalliatcare.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12904-018-0338-9.

By :Maria Shena

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