Consonant

The consonant inventory

the vocal tract

The vocal tract has active and pasive articulators.They are also know as articulators and point of articulation

How to describe consonant sounds

Consonant sounds are produce by partially or completely blocking air in its passage through the vocal tract and by changing the position og a part of the tongue.

Articulatory basis

It refers to the way that sound are formed or uttered. Voicing: It directly deals with the sound quality produce by the vocal cords. When vocal cords vibrate, it is said to be voiced; otherwise, it is said to be voiceless.

Voice consonants: they use the voice

Voiceless consonants: Do not use the voice, fell no vobration in your throat.

Plosive sounds

-The active articulator touches the passive articulator and completely cuts off the airflow through the mouth. -English and Spanish include: (p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, /g/. -If /p/, /t/, /k/, are pronounced in the middle or end or a word, that aspiration will not be there. -All the plosives except /d/, do not occur in final position. A major concentration on their production must be placed when uttering the final plosive English sounds.

HORMOGANIC SOUNDS This refers to sounds made at the same place of articulation

Articulator and point of articulator

The articulator: is the doer of the articulation and moves freely enough to be active in the speech; it is located on the lower surface of the mouth cavity. -lower lip as for /m/, /p/. -tongue as for: /k/, /t/, /tʃ/. Point of articulation:is any part in the mouth that can be reached by the articulator;it is placed on the upper surface of the vocal tract. -upper teeth as for: /v/ -alveolar ridge as for: /t/ -hard palate as for /dʒ/ -velum as for :/k/ Cavity: it concerns the place where air goes through. -mouth cavity: /p/, /l/ -nasal cavity: /m/, /n/ Manner of articulation: it refers to the way how air flows out during the production of a sound -stop -fricative -nasal - lateral -vibrant -affricate

/p-b/ Production

TRANSFER -Positive:languages have the same elements with the same function. -Negative: languages have the same element but with different function -Zero: an element is present in one language but absent in the other.

/p/ -Spanish and English /p/ is voiceless, bilabial,oral, plosive -Spanish has just one allophone [p]: is voiceless, bilabial,plosive, unaspiorated. -English has four allophones: [pʰ-]: is voiceless, bilabial, oral, plosive, strongly aspirated. [-p-]: is voiceless, bilabial, ortal, plosive, unaspirated. [-pˈ]:voiceless, bilabial, oral, plosive, unreleased. [-p-]: voiceless, bilabial, oral, plosive released.

/b/ -English and Spanish is voiced, bilabial, oral , plosive. -Spanish has two allophones: [b]: is voiced, bilabial,oral,plosive [-β-]: is voiced, bilabial, oral, fricative, wich occurs after /l/, /r/,between vowels as well as between a vowel and voiced consonant sound. -English has just one allophone

/d-t/ Production

/t/ -Spanish and English use the same phonological symbol; the consonant quality differs due to the point of articulation. -Spanish /t/ is voiceless, apico-dental, oral, plosive.Presents just one allophone [t]: voiceless, apico-dental, oral, plosive, unaspirated. -English /t/ is voiceless, apico-alveolar, oral, plosive.Prsents seven variants [tʰ-]:voiceless, apico-alveolar,strngly aspirated,oral,plosive [-t-]: voiceless, apico-alveolar,oral,plosive, unaspirated [-ɾ-]:voiced,flap wich occurs when /t/ is between vowels and the stress is placed on a previous syllable. [-ʔ-]glottal,plosive,nasal,released wich occurs in final word position between a vowel and an <-n>. [-tⁿ]: voiceless, apico-alveolar, nasalized,plosive [-tˈ] voiceless, apico-alveolar,oral,plosive, unreleased. [-t ̄ ]: voiceless, apico-alveolar,oral,plosive, released.

/d/ -Spanish and English use the same phonological symbol/d/. -Spanish /d/ is voiced, apico-dental,oral, plosive and has four allophones [d]:voiced, apico-dental, oral, plosive [ð]: voiced, apico-interdental,oral,fricative wich is uttered when fopund between vowels, after the flap sound/ɾ/, and between a vowel and voiced consonant sound. [θ]: voiceless, apico-interdental,oral,fricative. [-ø]: zero allphone which depending on the dialect might occur in middle and/or final -word position. -English /d/ sound is voiced, apico-alveolar,oral,plosive and has three allophones [d]: voiced, apico-alveolar, oral ,plosive [-ɾ-]: voiced,apico-alveolar,oral,flap which occurs just in intervocalic position before un unstressed syllable. r[-ʔ-]: voiceless, glottal, plosive, nasal, released.

k-g production

/g/

/k/

-The/k/ sound keeps the same features in both languages:voiceless, dorso verlar, oral, plosive.-Spanish has one allophone: [k] voiceless, dorso velar,oral,plosive,unaspirated. -English has four allophones: [kʰ-] voiceless,dorso-velar,oral,plosive,strongly aspirated. [-k-] voiceless,dorso-velar,oral,plosice,unaspirated [-k ̄ ] voiceless, dorso-velar,oral,plosive,released [k ̊ ] voiceless, dorso-velar, oral,plosive,unreleased.

-Both languages have phonemically the same /g/ sound:dorso-velar,oral,plosive. -Spanish has three variations: [g]voice,dorso-velar,oral,plosive. [-ɣ-] voiced, dorso-velar, oral, fricative [-g-] wich occurs between vowel sound,after/r/ and/l/, and between a vowel sound and voiced consonant [∅] zero allophone -English has one allophone [g] voice,doseso-velar,plosive-oral.