COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT, SOLIDARITY, AND CITIZENSHIP
SOCIETAL DYNAMICS AND PROCESSES
GROUP 1
What is Societal Dynamics and Processes?
• Social processes are the ways in which individuals and groups interact, adjust and readjust and establish relationships and pattern of behaviour which are again modified through social interactions.
• Social dynamics can refer to the behavior of groups that results from the interactions of individual group members as well to the study of the relationship between individual interactions and group level behaviors.
What is Social interaction?
• Man is a social animal. It is difficult for him to live in isolation. They always live in groups.
• Social interactions are reciprocal relationships which not only influence the interacting individuals but also the quality of relationships.
• When the interacting individuals or groups influence the behaviour of each other it is called social interaction.
01
SOCIAL EXCHANGE AND RATIONAL CHOICE THEORY
SOCIAL EXCHANGE THEORY
• Social exchange theory was developed by George Homans, a sociologist.
• The basic definition of social exchange theory External link is that people make decisions by consciously or unconsciously.
•a person will weigh the cost of a social interaction (negative outcome) against the reward of that social interaction (positive outcome).
SOCIAL EXCHANGE THEORY
• Each person wants to get more from an interaction or relationship than they give.
• Another aspect of social exchange theory is that people expect equity in exchange.
assumptions of social exchange theory
• People will terminate relationships when they believe the costs to be greater than the rewards.
• social behaviors involve social exchanges of value
• people are motivated to retain value when they have to give something up
• When measuring reward vs. costs, people compare to their expectations, previous experiences, or alternatives.
• People pursue social exchanges where they receive more rewards than their costs.
• People understand that “enough” rewards vs. costs differ from relationship to relationship and within the same relationship over time.
• Rewards and costs can be material or immaterial goods.
• People expect to be rewarded similarly when they incur the same costs
rational choice THEORY
• Philosopher Adam Smith is considered the originator of rational choice theory External link.
• Rational choice theory can apply to a variety of areas, including economics, psychology and philosophy.
• How individuals decide what will serve them best is dependent on personal preferences.
assumptions of rational choice theory
• All actions are rational and are made due to considering costs and rewards.
• The reward of a relationship or action must outweigh the cost for the action to be completed.
• When the value of the reward diminishes below the value of the costs incurred, the person will stop the action or end the relationship.
• Individuals will use the resources at their disposal to optimize their rewards.
• Rational choice theory expresses that individuals are in control of their decisions.
applications of rational choice theory
1. Economics and business: Rational choice theory can explain individual purchasing behaviors.
2. Politics: Rational choice theory can be used to explain voting behaviors, the actions of politicians and how political issues are handled.
3. Sociology: Rational choice theory can explain social phenomena. This is because all social change and institutions occur because of individual actions.
4. Addiction treatment: Rational choice theory can be used to identify addiction motivations and provide substance alternatives that are equally beneficial to patients.
02
competition & conflict
competition
Competition is one of the dissociative forms of social processes. It is actually the most fundamental form of social struggle. It occurs whenever there is an insufficient supply of anything that human beings desire, in sufficient in the sense that all cannot have as much of it as they wish.
characteristics of A competition
- IT IS AN UNCONCIOUS ACTIVITY
FORMS OF COMPETITION
Competition can be divided into many categories or forms.
1. ECONOMIC COMPETITION
2. CULTURAL COMPETITION
3. SOCIAL COMPETITION
4. RACIAL COMPETITION
5. POLITICAL COMPETITION
role OF COMPETITION
Competition played a major role in the survival of human beings.
positive FUNCTIONS:
1. Assignment of right individual to proper place
3. conducive to progress
2. Source of motivation
role OF COMPETITION
Competition played a major role in the survival of human beings.
negative FUNCTIONS:
2. competition may lead to monopoly
3. competition may lead to conflict
1. competition may lead to frustration
conflict
Conflict is one of the dissociative or disintegrative social processes. It is a universal and fundamental social process in human relations. Conflict arises only when the attention of the competitors is diverted from the object of competition to themselves.
characteristics of A conflict
- IT IS A PERSONAL ACTIVITY
- IT IS AN CONCIOUS ACTIVITY
- IT IS AN INTERMITTENT PROCESS
TYPES OF CONFLICT
Conflict expresses itself in thousands of ways and various degrees and over every range of human contact.
maciver & page
george simmel
gillin & gillin
others
- latent and overt conflict
- conflict of impersonal ideas
- personal and corporate conflict
role OF COnflict
Conflict is both harmful as well as useful for the society.
positive FUNCTIONS:
1. It promotes the solidarity and fellow-feeling
4. It acts as a cementing factor in the establishment of intimate relations
2. It enlarges the victorious group
5. It changes the relative status of the conflicting parties
3. It leads to redefinition of value system
role OF COnflict
Conflict is both harmful as well as useful for the society.
negative FUNCTIONS:
3. It causes a lot of psychological and moral damage
1. it causes social disorder
2. It disrupts social unity and cohesion
03
cooperation andaccommodation
What is cooperation?
• Cooperation is one of fundamental processes of social life.
• Cooperation permeates all aspects of social organisation from the maintenance of personal friendships to the successful operation of international programmes.
• The term ‘cooperation’ has been derived from two Latin words – ‘Co’ meaning ‘together and Operary meaning ‘to work’.
• Co-operation means working together in the pursuit of like or common interests.
types of co-operation
1. DIRECT COOPERATION
2. INDIRECT COOPERATION
3. PRIMARY COOPERATION
4. PRIMARY COOPERATION
5. tertiary COOPERATION
Cooperation is the most elementary form of social process without which society cannot exist. According to Kropotkin, it is so important in the life of an individual is that it is difficult to survive without it. Even among the lowest animals such as ants and termites, cooperation is evident for survival.
roles of co-operation
What is accommodation?
“Accommodation is the achievement of adjustment between people that permits harmonious acting together in social situation. It is achieved by an individual through the acquisition of behaviour patterns, habits and attitudes which are transmitted to him socially."
characteristics of accommodation
1. It is the End-result of Conflict
2. it is both conscious and unconscious process
3. it is a universal activity
4. it is a continuous process
5. it is a mixture of both love and hatred
METHODS of accommodation
1. Admission of one’s Defeat
5. conversion
2. compromise
6. rationalisation
3. arbitration and conciliation
7. superordination and subordination
4. toleration
importance of accommodation
Accommodation is the way which enable people to work together whether they like it or not. Since conflict disturbs social integration, disrupts social order and damages social stability, accommodation is essentially essential to check conflict and to maintain cooperation which is the sine qua non of social life.
04
social change
What is social change?
• The term social change is a broad umbrella that encompass a range of typical social and civic outcomes
• Sociologists define social change as changes in human interactions and relationships that transform cultural and social institutions.
processes that contribute to social change
1. natural environment
5. ideas
2. demographic processes
6. social movements
3. technological innovations
7. political processes
4. economic processes
05
community structure, process, and dynamics
structure of communities
1. it causes social disorder
2. political structure
3. economic structure
community dynamics
• Community dynamics are the changes in community structure and composition over time.
• At Community Dynamics, believes that, creative and sustainable programming that works to raise the quality of living for those most vulnerable to poverty and exploitation.
community processes
• Community development processes provide a way for people to come together
• There are many factors that contribute to the success of community development initiatives, poor process can lead to only partial success or even outright failure.
-Too many meetings without sufficient progress
-Too few meetings to generate enough support
-meetings without a clear focus
-poorly attended meetings
-poorly attended meetings
community processes
• Community development without a process would not exist. What would exist:
1. TURF WARS
2. LACK OF DECISION
3. NON-INVOLVEMENT OF PEOPLE
4. CONFLICT OVER SCARCE RESOURCES
5. LACK OF DEVELOPMENT
6. LACK OF DESIRED OUTCOME
THAT'S ALL. THANK YOU!
GROUP 1
SOCIETAL DYNAMICS AND PROCESSES
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Transcript
COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT, SOLIDARITY, AND CITIZENSHIP
SOCIETAL DYNAMICS AND PROCESSES
GROUP 1
What is Societal Dynamics and Processes?
• Social processes are the ways in which individuals and groups interact, adjust and readjust and establish relationships and pattern of behaviour which are again modified through social interactions.
• Social dynamics can refer to the behavior of groups that results from the interactions of individual group members as well to the study of the relationship between individual interactions and group level behaviors.
What is Social interaction?
• Man is a social animal. It is difficult for him to live in isolation. They always live in groups.
• Social interactions are reciprocal relationships which not only influence the interacting individuals but also the quality of relationships.
• When the interacting individuals or groups influence the behaviour of each other it is called social interaction.
01
SOCIAL EXCHANGE AND RATIONAL CHOICE THEORY
SOCIAL EXCHANGE THEORY
• Social exchange theory was developed by George Homans, a sociologist.
• The basic definition of social exchange theory External link is that people make decisions by consciously or unconsciously.
•a person will weigh the cost of a social interaction (negative outcome) against the reward of that social interaction (positive outcome).
SOCIAL EXCHANGE THEORY
• Each person wants to get more from an interaction or relationship than they give.
• Another aspect of social exchange theory is that people expect equity in exchange.
assumptions of social exchange theory
• People will terminate relationships when they believe the costs to be greater than the rewards.
• social behaviors involve social exchanges of value
• people are motivated to retain value when they have to give something up
• When measuring reward vs. costs, people compare to their expectations, previous experiences, or alternatives.
• People pursue social exchanges where they receive more rewards than their costs.
• People understand that “enough” rewards vs. costs differ from relationship to relationship and within the same relationship over time.
• Rewards and costs can be material or immaterial goods.
• People expect to be rewarded similarly when they incur the same costs
rational choice THEORY
• Philosopher Adam Smith is considered the originator of rational choice theory External link.
• Rational choice theory can apply to a variety of areas, including economics, psychology and philosophy.
• How individuals decide what will serve them best is dependent on personal preferences.
assumptions of rational choice theory
• All actions are rational and are made due to considering costs and rewards.
• The reward of a relationship or action must outweigh the cost for the action to be completed.
• When the value of the reward diminishes below the value of the costs incurred, the person will stop the action or end the relationship.
• Individuals will use the resources at their disposal to optimize their rewards.
• Rational choice theory expresses that individuals are in control of their decisions.
applications of rational choice theory
1. Economics and business: Rational choice theory can explain individual purchasing behaviors.
2. Politics: Rational choice theory can be used to explain voting behaviors, the actions of politicians and how political issues are handled.
3. Sociology: Rational choice theory can explain social phenomena. This is because all social change and institutions occur because of individual actions.
4. Addiction treatment: Rational choice theory can be used to identify addiction motivations and provide substance alternatives that are equally beneficial to patients.
02
competition & conflict
competition
Competition is one of the dissociative forms of social processes. It is actually the most fundamental form of social struggle. It occurs whenever there is an insufficient supply of anything that human beings desire, in sufficient in the sense that all cannot have as much of it as they wish.
characteristics of A competition
FORMS OF COMPETITION
Competition can be divided into many categories or forms.
1. ECONOMIC COMPETITION
2. CULTURAL COMPETITION
3. SOCIAL COMPETITION
4. RACIAL COMPETITION
5. POLITICAL COMPETITION
role OF COMPETITION
Competition played a major role in the survival of human beings.
positive FUNCTIONS:
1. Assignment of right individual to proper place
3. conducive to progress
2. Source of motivation
role OF COMPETITION
Competition played a major role in the survival of human beings.
negative FUNCTIONS:
2. competition may lead to monopoly
3. competition may lead to conflict
1. competition may lead to frustration
conflict
Conflict is one of the dissociative or disintegrative social processes. It is a universal and fundamental social process in human relations. Conflict arises only when the attention of the competitors is diverted from the object of competition to themselves.
characteristics of A conflict
TYPES OF CONFLICT
Conflict expresses itself in thousands of ways and various degrees and over every range of human contact.
maciver & page
george simmel
gillin & gillin
others
role OF COnflict
Conflict is both harmful as well as useful for the society.
positive FUNCTIONS:
1. It promotes the solidarity and fellow-feeling
4. It acts as a cementing factor in the establishment of intimate relations
2. It enlarges the victorious group
5. It changes the relative status of the conflicting parties
3. It leads to redefinition of value system
role OF COnflict
Conflict is both harmful as well as useful for the society.
negative FUNCTIONS:
3. It causes a lot of psychological and moral damage
1. it causes social disorder
2. It disrupts social unity and cohesion
03
cooperation andaccommodation
What is cooperation?
• Cooperation is one of fundamental processes of social life.
• Cooperation permeates all aspects of social organisation from the maintenance of personal friendships to the successful operation of international programmes.
• The term ‘cooperation’ has been derived from two Latin words – ‘Co’ meaning ‘together and Operary meaning ‘to work’.
• Co-operation means working together in the pursuit of like or common interests.
types of co-operation
1. DIRECT COOPERATION
2. INDIRECT COOPERATION
3. PRIMARY COOPERATION
4. PRIMARY COOPERATION
5. tertiary COOPERATION
Cooperation is the most elementary form of social process without which society cannot exist. According to Kropotkin, it is so important in the life of an individual is that it is difficult to survive without it. Even among the lowest animals such as ants and termites, cooperation is evident for survival.
roles of co-operation
What is accommodation?
“Accommodation is the achievement of adjustment between people that permits harmonious acting together in social situation. It is achieved by an individual through the acquisition of behaviour patterns, habits and attitudes which are transmitted to him socially."
characteristics of accommodation
1. It is the End-result of Conflict
2. it is both conscious and unconscious process
3. it is a universal activity
4. it is a continuous process
5. it is a mixture of both love and hatred
METHODS of accommodation
1. Admission of one’s Defeat
5. conversion
2. compromise
6. rationalisation
3. arbitration and conciliation
7. superordination and subordination
4. toleration
importance of accommodation
Accommodation is the way which enable people to work together whether they like it or not. Since conflict disturbs social integration, disrupts social order and damages social stability, accommodation is essentially essential to check conflict and to maintain cooperation which is the sine qua non of social life.
04
social change
What is social change?
• The term social change is a broad umbrella that encompass a range of typical social and civic outcomes
• Sociologists define social change as changes in human interactions and relationships that transform cultural and social institutions.
processes that contribute to social change
1. natural environment
5. ideas
2. demographic processes
6. social movements
3. technological innovations
7. political processes
4. economic processes
05
community structure, process, and dynamics
structure of communities
1. it causes social disorder
2. political structure
3. economic structure
community dynamics
• Community dynamics are the changes in community structure and composition over time.
• At Community Dynamics, believes that, creative and sustainable programming that works to raise the quality of living for those most vulnerable to poverty and exploitation.
community processes
• Community development processes provide a way for people to come together
• There are many factors that contribute to the success of community development initiatives, poor process can lead to only partial success or even outright failure.
-Too many meetings without sufficient progress
-Too few meetings to generate enough support
-meetings without a clear focus
-poorly attended meetings
-poorly attended meetings
community processes
• Community development without a process would not exist. What would exist:
1. TURF WARS
2. LACK OF DECISION
3. NON-INVOLVEMENT OF PEOPLE
4. CONFLICT OVER SCARCE RESOURCES
5. LACK OF DEVELOPMENT
6. LACK OF DESIRED OUTCOME
THAT'S ALL. THANK YOU!
GROUP 1