SOCIETAL DYNAMICS AND PROCESSES

COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT, SOLIDARITY, AND CITIZENSHIP

GROUP 1

SOCIETAL DYNAMICS AND PROCESSES

• Social dynamics can refer to the behavior of groups that results from the interactions of individual group members as well to the study of the relationship between individual interactions and group level behaviors.

• Social processes are the ways in which individuals and groups interact, adjust and readjust and establish relationships and pattern of behaviour which are again modified through social interactions.

What is Societal Dynamics and Processes?

• When the interacting individuals or groups influence the behaviour of each other it is called social interaction.

• Social interactions are reciprocal relationships which not only influence the interacting individuals but also the quality of relationships.

• Man is a social animal. It is difficult for him to live in isolation. They always live in groups.

What is Social interaction?

SOCIAL EXCHANGE AND RATIONAL CHOICE THEORY

01

•a person will weigh the cost of a social interaction (negative outcome) against the reward of that social interaction (positive outcome).

• The basic definition of social exchange theory External link is that people make decisions by consciously or unconsciously.

• Social exchange theory was developed by George Homans, a sociologist.

SOCIAL EXCHANGE THEORY

• Another aspect of social exchange theory is that people expect equity in exchange.

• Each person wants to get more from an interaction or relationship than they give.

SOCIAL EXCHANGE THEORY

• People understand that “enough” rewards vs. costs differ from relationship to relationship and within the same relationship over time.

• When measuring reward vs. costs, people compare to their expectations, previous experiences, or alternatives.

• People will terminate relationships when they believe the costs to be greater than the rewards.

• People expect to be rewarded similarly when they incur the same costs

• Rewards and costs can be material or immaterial goods.

• People pursue social exchanges where they receive more rewards than their costs.

• people are motivated to retain value when they have to give something up

• social behaviors involve social exchanges of value

assumptions of social exchange theory

• How individuals decide what will serve them best is dependent on personal preferences.

• Rational choice theory can apply to a variety of areas, including economics, psychology and philosophy.

• Philosopher Adam Smith is considered the originator of rational choice theory External link.

rational choice THEORY

• Rational choice theory expresses that individuals are in control of their decisions.

• Individuals will use the resources at their disposal to optimize their rewards.

• When the value of the reward diminishes below the value of the costs incurred, the person will stop the action or end the relationship.

• The reward of a relationship or action must outweigh the cost for the action to be completed.

• All actions are rational and are made due to considering costs and rewards.

assumptions of rational choice theory

4. Addiction treatment: Rational choice theory can be used to identify addiction motivations and provide substance alternatives that are equally beneficial to patients.

3. Sociology: Rational choice theory can explain social phenomena. This is because all social change and institutions occur because of individual actions.

2. Politics: Rational choice theory can be used to explain voting behaviors, the actions of politicians and how political issues are handled.

1. Economics and business: Rational choice theory can explain individual purchasing behaviors.

applications of rational choice theory

competition & conflict

02

Competition is one of the dissociative forms of social processes. It is actually the most fundamental form of social struggle. It occurs whenever there is an insufficient supply of anything that human beings desire, in sufficient in the sense that all cannot have as much of it as they wish.

competition

• IT IS AN UNCONCIOUS ACTIVITY

• IT IS IMPERSONAL

• IT IS UNIVERSAL

characteristics of A competition

5. POLITICAL COMPETITION

4. RACIAL COMPETITION

3. SOCIAL COMPETITION

2. CULTURAL COMPETITION

1. ECONOMIC COMPETITION

Competition can be divided into many categories or forms.

FORMS OF COMPETITION

positive FUNCTIONS:

3. conducive to progress

2. Source of motivation

1. Assignment of right individual to proper place

Competition played a major role in the survival of human beings.

role OF COMPETITION

negative FUNCTIONS:

3. competition may lead to conflict

2. competition may lead to monopoly

1. competition may lead to frustration

Competition played a major role in the survival of human beings.

role OF COMPETITION

Conflict is one of the dissociative or disintegrative social processes. It is a universal and fundamental social process in human relations. Conflict arises only when the attention of the competitors is diverted from the object of competition to themselves.

conflict

• IT IS AN INTERMITTENT PROCESS

• IT IS AN CONCIOUS ACTIVITY

• IT IS A PERSONAL ACTIVITY

• IT IS UNIVERSAL

characteristics of A conflict

• personal and corporate conflict

• latent and overt conflict

• international

• political

• class

• racial

• personal

• conflict of impersonal ideas

• litigation

• feud

• war

• indirect conflict

• direct conflict

others

gillin & gillin

george simmel

maciver & page

Conflict expresses itself in thousands of ways and various degrees and over every range of human contact.

TYPES OF CONFLICT

5. It changes the relative status of the conflicting parties

4. It acts as a cementing factor in the establishment of intimate relations

positive FUNCTIONS:

3. It leads to redefinition of value system

2. It enlarges the victorious group

1. It promotes the solidarity and fellow-feeling

Conflict is both harmful as well as useful for the society.

role OF COnflict

negative FUNCTIONS:

3. It causes a lot of psychological and moral damage

2. It disrupts social unity and cohesion

1. it causes social disorder

Conflict is both harmful as well as useful for the society.

role OF COnflict

cooperation andaccommodation

03

• Co-operation means working together in the pursuit of like or common interests.

• The term ‘cooperation’ has been derived from two Latin words – ‘Co’ meaning ‘together and Operary meaning ‘to work’.

• Cooperation permeates all aspects of social organisation from the maintenance of personal friendships to the successful operation of international programmes.

• Cooperation is one of fundamental processes of social life.

What is cooperation?

5. tertiary COOPERATION

4. PRIMARY COOPERATION

3. PRIMARY COOPERATION

2. INDIRECT COOPERATION

1. DIRECT COOPERATION

types of co-operation

Cooperation is the most elementary form of social process without which society cannot exist. According to Kropotkin, it is so important in the life of an individual is that it is difficult to survive without it. Even among the lowest animals such as ants and termites, cooperation is evident for survival.

roles of co-operation

“Accommodation is the achievement of adjustment between people that permits harmonious acting together in social situation. It is achieved by an individual through the acquisition of behaviour patterns, habits and attitudes which are transmitted to him socially."

What is accommodation?

5. it is a mixture of both love and hatred

4. it is a continuous process

3. it is a universal activity

2. it is both conscious and unconscious process

1. It is the End-result of Conflict

characteristics of accommodation

7. superordination and subordination

6. rationalisation

5. conversion

4. toleration

3. arbitration and conciliation

2. compromise

1. Admission of one’s Defeat

METHODS of accommodation

Accommodation is the way which enable people to work together whether they like it or not. Since conflict disturbs social integration, disrupts social order and damages social stability, accommodation is essentially essential to check conflict and to maintain cooperation which is the sine qua non of social life.

importance of accommodation

social change

04

• Sociologists define social change as changes in human interactions and relationships that transform cultural and social institutions.

• The term social change is a broad umbrella that encompass a range of typical social and civic outcomes

What is social change?

7. political processes

6. social movements

5. ideas

4. economic processes

3. technological innovations

2. demographic processes

1. natural environment

processes that contribute to social change

community structure, process, and dynamics

05

3. economic structure

2. political structure

1. it causes social disorder

structure of communities

• At Community Dynamics, believes that, creative and sustainable programming that works to raise the quality of living for those most vulnerable to poverty and exploitation.

• Community dynamics are the changes in community structure and composition over time.

community dynamics

-poorly attended meetings

-poorly attended meetings

-meetings without a clear focus

-Too few meetings to generate enough support

-Too many meetings without sufficient progress

• There are many factors that contribute to the success of community development initiatives, poor process can lead to only partial success or even outright failure.

• Community development processes provide a way for people to come together

community processes

6. LACK OF DESIRED OUTCOME

5. LACK OF DEVELOPMENT

4. CONFLICT OVER SCARCE RESOURCES

3. NON-INVOLVEMENT OF PEOPLE

2. LACK OF DECISION

1. TURF WARS

• Community development without a process would not exist. What would exist:

community processes

GROUP 1

THAT'S ALL. THANK YOU!