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Modal verbs
Fátima
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fatima.simon@educa.madrid.org
Modal verbs
Type of auxiliary verbs used to indicate modality
START
Types of modal verbs
MODAL PERFECTS
ABILITY
obligation
prohibition
permission
recommendation
possibility
CAN / COULD / BE ABLE TO
ABILITY IN THE PRESENT- I can speak Japanese. ABILITY IN THE PAST - I could play tennis very well when I was younger. - I have been able to play tennis well for many years. - They had been able to speak Japanese before they travelled to Japan. ABILITY IN THE FUTURE - They will be able to speak Japanese if they study hard. - I would be able to go abroad if I spoke English.
ABILITY
MUST / HAVE TO / SHOULD / OUGHT TO / SHALL
NECESSITY- I must / have to finish my work by today. OBLIGATION / DUTY - I ought to / should finish my work by today. PROMISE - I shall finish my work by today. LACK OF OBLIGATION - I don't have to finish my work by today. - needn't / don't need to
OBLIGATION
MUSTN'T
MUSTN'T- Silence! You mustn't talk in here.
PROHIBITION
CAN / COULD / MAY
USED AS QUESTIONS
CAN- Can I go to the toilet? COULD - More polite. - Could I go to the toilet, please? MAY - More polite. - May I go to the toilet, please?
PERMISSION
SHOULD / OUGHT TO
SHOULD- If you don't feel well, you should go to the doctor. OUGHT TO - If you don't feel well, you ought to go to the doctor.
RECOMMENDATION
MAY / MIGHT / CAN / MUST / CAN'T
POSSIBILITY IN THE PRESENT- Tim may / might / can help you. He studied science. CERTAINTY IN THE PRESENT - You haven't eaten since breakfast. You must be hungry. - We did the exam yesterday. The teacher can't have the results today. POSSIBILITY IN THE PAST - His car isn't here. He must have gone home. - He can't have gone home. His car is here. - The thief may / might / could have taken the jewellery from the safe. - Prices could be high in 1925. (general possibility)
POSSIBILITY
Modal perfects
speculation about an impossible past event
Speculation about a possible past event
deduction about a past event that it is true
Past advice
She can´t have been in town because she's on holiday
You should have been listening
He could have got lost on the way
You must have felt very worried when your cat disappeared.
MODAL PERFECTS