PASSIVE & CAUSATIVE
START
FORMING PASSIVE
TRANSITIVE & INTRANSITIVE VERBS
VERB TENSES: THE PASSIVE VOICE
MODALS: THE PASSIVE VOICE
PASSIVE INFINITIVES AND GERUNDS
index
HEARSAY REPORTING
CAUSATIVE
FORMING PASSIVE (BE + V3)
HANGİ DURUMLARDA PASSIVE YAPI KULLANIRIZ? Eylemi gerçekleştiren özne belli değilse , Eylemi yapan kişi biliniyorsa ve kolaylıkla anlaşılıyorsa, Eylemi kimin yaptığı değil de eylemin kendisi veya nesne önemli ise passive yapı kullanılır.
BİR CÜMLE NASIL PASSIVE YAPILIR?
Active (etken) cümlenin öznesi passive (edilgen) cümlenin nesnesi haline gelir. Active cümlede kullanılan zaman veya modal değiştirilmez; bunun yerine fiil kullanıldığı "tense"e göre (yardımcı fiil) + be + V3 şeklinde kullanılır. Eylemi yapan kişiyi belirtmek zorunlu değildir, ancak belirtilmek isteniyorsa cümlenin sonuna "by + agent" şeklinde yazılır.
Active : Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone. Subject (Özne) Object (Nesne) Passive : The telephone was invented by A. Graham Bell. Subject Object
+info
Examples: Ancient Romans built the Colesseum. (Active or Passive? ) Passive : The Colesseum was built by Ancient Romans. Art lovers have admired The Mona Lisa throughout history. Passive: The Mona Lisa has been admired by art lovers throughout history.
Passive (Edilgen) Cümlelerde Kullanılabilen / Kullanılamayan Fiiller
Active bir cümlenin passive yapılabilmesi için cümlede nesne bulunmalıdır. Kendisinden sonra nesne alabilen fiillere transitive verbs (geçişli) fiiller denir. I picked up all these flowers to make you happy. All these flowers were picked up (by me) to make you happy. A wealthy man has bought all these toys and books. All these toys and books have been bought by a wealthy man. Transitive verbs (geçişli fiiller), "neyi, kimi" sorularına cevap verir.
Intransitive Verbs (Geçişsiz fiiller)
Cümle içinde nesne almayan fiillere intransitive verbs (geçişsiz fiiller) denir. Nesne alamadıkları için edilgen yapıda kullanılamazlar. The baby has just sneezed. (Bebek az önce hapşırdı) They have gone out to get some fresh air. (Biraz temiz hava almak için dışarı çıktılar. )
Kimi fiiller hem geçişli hem de geçişsiz olabilir. Fakat bu durumda genellikle anlamlarında değişiklik olur. Bu şekilde yaygın olarak kullanılan fiiller:
TRANSITIVE (GEÇİŞLİ)
INTRANSITIVE (GEÇİŞSİZ)
VERB
- The tulip changed in color and became darker.
- Even the grocery shops close on Sundays in Germany.
- The patient has been doing well and he is no more attached to the machine.
- Most staff member leave early on Fridays.
- Queen Victoria lived and reigned more than any other queen in the history of England.
- The roses moved gently in the breeze.
- The boy ran over to his mother with great excitement.
- Alicia went into the room and changed her clothes quickly.
- She never closes the door properly.
- Meg has't done her duty very well and put the lives of patients at risk.
- She left Joe on Valentine's Day, which devastated him.
- He has been living a life of luxury since he married to the rich woman.
- Can you move your hand, please?
- Michael wants to run a restaurant in a coastal area.
- Close
- Do
- Leave
- Live
- Move
- Open
- Run
Kimi fiiller hem geçişli hem de geçişsiz olabilir. Fakat bu durumda genellikle anlamlarında değişiklik olur. Bu şekilde yaygın olarak kullanılan fiiller:
TRANSITIVE
INTRANSITIVE
VERBS
- Set
- Sing
- Start
- Stop
- Wash
- Write
- Kim set the table and lit some candles.
- Katy Perry sang her songs and entertained the crowd.
- Teresa started the fire, took out the trash and went to the kitchen.
- Greg stopped Melinda from jumping off the rock.
- Have you washed the carpets?
- I will write your name here so that I can remember it later.
- The sun set with a breathtaking view.
- Peter sings but he can't play any instruments.
- The match will never be able to start if the crowd doesn't calm down.
- The journalist stopped, listened to the conversation for a while but didn't understand what it was about.
- Jack washed and got dressed.
- My mother can't read or write.
QUIZ
Question 1
The small boat moved slowly through the grey sea.Transitive or intransitive ?
Intransitive
Transitive
QUIZ
Question 2
Many years ago, a young boy discovered a huge cave in Kentucky.Transitive or intransitive?
Transitive
Intransitive
QUIZ
Question 3
We arrived at the stadium 10 minutes before the game started.
Transitive or intransitive?
Intransitive
Transitive
The Simple Present Tense
My mother waters the flowers twice a week.Passive: ? The people in Peru and Bolivia speaks Quechua. Passive: ? He cleans his room every weekend. Passive: ? Julia takes me to school on weekdays. Passive: ?
The Simple Present Tense ile kurulan cümleler, nesnesine am / is / are + V3 eklenerek edilgen hale getirilir. Active: They open the supermarket at 10 every day. Passive: The supermarket is opened at 10 every day.
The Present Continous Tense
The gardener is mowing the grass for the time being. Passive: ? The whole country is celebrating the festival these days. Passive: ? My mother is making pies now. Passive: ? The government is lowering tax-levels so that people can set up new factories. Passive: ?
The Present Continous Tense ile kurulan cümleler, nesnesine am / is / are + being + V3 eklenerek edilgen hale getirilir. Am / is / are yardımcı fiillerinden sonra "being" getirilmesinin sebebi eylemin devamlılığını vurgulamaktır. Active: The famous writer is writing a new book now. Passive: A new book is being written by the famous writer now.
The Simple Past Tense
The arheologist found a new monument last year. He thinks the Chinese built it about 2000 years ago. Passive: ? Vincent Van Gogh painted the Starry Night in 1889. Passive: ? The police surrounded the building because someone reported the suspect. Passive: ? The translator translated the speech of the President in the conference. Passive: ?
The Simple Past Tense ile kurulan etken cümleler, nesnesine was / were + V3 eklenerek edilgen hale getirilir. Active: The judge sentenced the murderers to life imprisonment. Passive: The murderers were sentenced to life imprisonment.
The Past Continous Tense
They were recording the conversations between the suspects. Passive: ? The teacher was giving the lecture when I entered the classroom. Passive: ? She was preparing the meal and her husband was making the salad. Passive: ? The Minister was declaring the long-awaited regulations when we turned on the news. Passive: ?
Geçmişte aynı anda gerçekleşen iki eylemden devamlılık gösteren The Past Continous Tense ile ifade edilir. Bu tense ile kurulan etken cümleler, nesneye was / were being + V3 eklenerek edilgen hale getirilebilir. Active: His computer broke down while he was downloading a file. Passive: His computer broke down while a file was being downloaded (by him).
PRESENT AND PAST PASSIVES
Exercises
Change the following active sentences into passive ones. 1. He stole ten apples from the neighbor's garden. 2. Many people are visiting the new restaurant downtown and they seem to be very happy with the food and service. 3. I was feeding the cat when the bell rang.
4. My grandmother brings us delicious pancakes and maple syrup every Sunday morning. 5. Both my neighbor and I planted the strawberry tree in the garden. 6. My little sister was completing the Math homework when I went to pick up groceries.
IDIOM OF THE DAY WHAT'S DONE IS DONE!
The Simple Future Tense (am /is / are going to)
When we go on holiday, our neighbor is going to feed our dog. Passive: ? The government is going to demolish all of the buildings. Passive: ? The teacher is going to announce the exam results on Wednesday. Passive: ? According to the schedule, they are going to complete the new metro line in June. Passive: ?
"Am / is / are going to" ile oluşturulan etken cümleler geleceğe yönelik planlanmış eylemleri anlatır. Bu cümleler, nesneye am / is / are going to + be + V3 eklenerek edilgen hale getirilir. Active: They are going to take her to the hospital in the afternoon. Passive: She is going to be taken to the hospital in the afternoon.
The Simple Future Tense (will)
The catering firm will prepare the food for the event. Passive: ? They will close the supermarket during the feast. Passive: ? From now on, we will forbid the casual clothes and the employees will wear the work uniforms. Passive: ? They will inform us when the bus is about to leave. Passive: ?
"Will" ile oluşturulan etken cümleler genellikle konuşma anında verilen anlık kararları, geleceğe yönelik kanıta dayalı olmayan tahminleri anlatır. Bu cümleler, nesneye will + be + V3 eklenerek edilgen hale getirilir. Active: When the boss has overcome the crisis, he will open a new facory. Passive: A new factory will be opened when the boss has overcome the crisis.
Future in the Past
I was going to do the laundry but I couldn't manage my time. Passive: ? Sarah was going to pay for the drinks but she realized she had spent all of her money. Passive: ? My pen friend was going to send me a postcard from Brazil but he misadressed. Passive: ? We were going to finish the project by the deadline but we had a misfortune. Passive: ?
Geçmiş bir zamanda, gelecekte yapılması planlanan ancak belirli sebeplerden dolayı gerçekleştirilemeyen eylemleri "was / were going to" ile ifade ederiz. Bu etken cümleler, nesneye "was / were going to be + V3" eklenerek edilgen hale getirilir. Active: Our teacher was going to give a video presentation, but she didn't come to school. Passive: A video presentation was going to be given (by our teacher) but she didn't come to school.
The Present Perfect Tense
People have used rivers for navigation for thousands of years. Passive: ? Almost one million people have watched the movie up to now. Passive: ? Somebody has stolen my money during the party. Passive: ? My father has reserved a table for our family dinner. Passive: ?
The Present Perfect Tense ile kurulan etken cümleler, nesneye "have / has + been + V3" eklenerek edilgen hale getirilir. Bu yapıda "be" yardımcı fiilinin Past Participle formunun kullanılması gerektiği unutulmamalıdır. Active: The President has announced the date of the meeting. Passive: The date of the meeting has been announced by the President.
The Past Perfect Tense
Rachel had solved the questions by the time I finished writing it. Passive: ? By the time the police found the suspect, he had robbed many shops. Passive: ? I couldn't attend the training because I had broken my leg last week. Passive: ? The fire had damaged the house by the time the firefighters arrived in the scene. Passive: ?
The Past Perfect Tense ile kurulan etken cümleler, nesneye "had + been + V3" eklenerek passive hale getirilir. Active: When I arrived at the factory, there were police officers at the front door and someone had obviously broken into office rooms. Passive: When I arrived at the factory, there were police officers at the front door and office rooms had obviously been broken into.
The Future Perfect Tense
If we don't go faster, we will have lost our seats. Passive: ? According to the municipality, they will have completed the metro line until 2024. Passive: ? By 2030, Germany will have banned petrol-powered cars. Passive: ? They will have closed the shopping mall by the time we arrive there. Passive: ?
The Future Perfect Tense ile kurulan etken cümleler, nesneye "will have + been + V3" eklenerek edilgen hale getirilir. Active: People hope that by 2030, medical scientists will have improved new techniques to fight against illnesses. Passive: People hope that by 2030, new techniques will have been improved by medical scientists to fight against illnesses.
Simple Modals
If you want to lose weight quickly, you should consume low-calorie drinks. Passive: ? The students can borrrow only two books at a time from the library. Passive: ? Before entering the building, one must take out metal wares. Passive: ? Due to global warming, the increasing temperatures could affect the lives of millions of animal species severely. Passive: ?
Modallar ile kurulan etken cümleler, nesneye "modal + be + V3" getirilerek edilgen yapılır. Active: You had better read the manual carefully before attempting to operate the washing machine. Passive: The manual had better be read carefully before attempting to operate the washing machine.
Perfect Modals
He should have paid the bills in time, now he has to pay a fine. Passive: ? One of his flatmates might have killed him, they have been arguing often lately. Passive: ? The plumber can't have fixed the the pipes properly as they are still leaking. Passive: ? It's no use crying now. They should have considered the consequences before leaving home. Passive: ?
Perfect Modallar ile kurulan etken cümleler, nesneye "modal have + been + V3" getirilerek edilgen yapılır. Active: You could have finished your homework. Passive: Your homework could have been finished. Active: Your cat must have torn my t-shirt. I saw her hair on it. Passive: My t-shirt must have been torn by your cat. I saw her hair on it.
QUIZ
Question 4
Luckily, I ---- about the weather conditions before I ---- to Scotland.
A) am warned / went
D) was warned / would go
B) had been warned /went
C) had warned /go
Right!
NEXT
QUIZ
Question 5
After the accident, someone ---- the police and the drunk driver ----.
D) was called /was arrested
A) called / was arrested
C) called / had been arrested
B) would call / had rrested
Right!
NEXT
Get ile Kurulan Edilgen Yapılar
Simple Past Tense veya Simple Present Tense ile kullanılırsa soru cümleleri ve olumsuz cümlelerde bu zamanların çekimleriyle birlikte "do" ve "did" kullanılır. The cashiers don't get supervised properly, so they have started to steal some of the money. Did marathon runner get punished for taking drugs?
"Get + V3" yapısıyla da edilgen cümleler oluşturulabilir. Bu kullanımı resmi dilde değil, günlük konuşma dilinde daha yaygındır. Beklenmedik, kontrol dışı şekilde gerçekleşen olumsuz eylemleri anlatırken kullanılmaktadır. Peter should get punished ( = should be punished ) for stealing candy from the corner store. If you use your phone while riding your bicycle, you might get run over ( = might be run over) by a car.
Get ile Kurulan Edilgen Yapılar
"Get + V3" yapısıyla oluşturulan edilgen cümleler durum anlatırken kullanılmaz. Diğer bir deyişle "non-progressive" fiillerin olduğu cümlelerde bulunmazlar. That house gets owned by my uncle X That house is owned by my uncle.
Get + V3 yapısı her zaman edilgen anlam vermeyebilir. Bazı durumlarda V3 sıfat olarak kullanılır. get dressed get prepared get washed get hurt get engaged get acquainted with get started get bored with get lost get worried about
Exercises
We couldn't make it to the meeting because we got delayed (delay) by an accident on the road.
01
Scientists have discovered that in countries which receive very little sunlight in winter, people get depressed (depress) more often than those in sunnier countries.
02
Studies have shown that children of drug users (often, involve) .... with drugs themselves.
03
I'm sure John (promote) .... to manager when our present manager
leaves next month.
04
Stative Passive (Durum Bildiren Edilgen Yapı)
Bazı fiil köklerine -ed ekleyerek, Past Participle (V3) formunu kullanarak sıfatlar elde edebiliriz. Bu durumda sıfatlar kendilerine uygun preposition ile birlikte kullanılırlar. I am frightened by watching horror movies but my girlfriend loves them. , My little brother was very confused when I told him the Earth is round. Are you sure you're qualified for this job? If you don't want to have any troubles later, you must make sure your car is insured. I was highly unsatisfied with the service of this company.
Exercises
Use the stative passive in the Simple Present or Simple Past with the given verbs.
1. We can't open this box. It (lock) .is locked.............................
2. We couldn't open the box. It (lock)..was locked....................
3. Turkey (situate) .....is..situated.................... between three seas: the Black Sea in the north, the Aegean in the west, and the Mediterranean in the south. 4. Yesterday, the storm blew a huge tree down onto the country road, and the road (block)....was blocked ... for several hours until they removed it. 5. I didn't go to yesterday's lecture because I (not, interest) .............wasn't interested................. in the subject. 6. Let's stop and have a break. I can't go any further, because I (exhaust) am exhausted
7 .The whole time I lived overseas, my parents (worry) .......were worried......... about me.
8. At last Saturday's society wedding, the bride (dress) ......was dressed in a white satin dress, which was embroidered with thousands of silver sequins. 9. The Professor (annoy) .was ...annoyed............. probably because half of the students hadn't bothered to turn up for his lecture. 14. The Blue Mosque, which is among Istanbul's major tourist attractions, (decorate) ...is decorated.............. very ornately. It's so called because its walls (all, cover) ...........are all covered.......... with blue tiles.
Passive Reporting Structures
Dolaylı bildirim fiilleri; insanların dedikleri, inandıkları, düşündükleri, varsaydıkları şeyleri anlatırken kullanılır. Herkes tarafından kabul edilen gerçekler, resmi bir dil ile aktarılır. Yaygın olarak kullanılan fiiller şunlardır:
accept calculate estimate mention suppose agree claim expect plan allege consider feel presume announce decide find prove argue demonstrate hope reveal assume discover intend say believe establish know suggest
It + passive reporting verb + that + sentence
Scientists know that only 1 % of all water is fit for human consumption. It is known that only 1 % of all water is fit for human consumption. They suggest that the World's water supply of clean water is decreasing faster than it can be replenished. It is suggested that the World's water supply of clean water is decreasing faster than it can be replenished.
+info
People hope that COVID-19 vaccines will end the acute phase of the pandemic. It is hoped that COVID-19 vaccines will end the acute phase of the pandemic. World Health Organization emphasizes that we must still continue wearing masks and avoiding crowds. It is emphasized that we must still continue wearing masks and avoiding crowds.
+info
Subject + passive reporting verb + to infinitive
When you smile, your brain releases tiny molecules to fight off stress. Smiling is known to reduce stress and lower heart rate.
Studies demonstrate that chocolate causes the release of endorphins in the brain. Chocolate is demonstrated to cause the release of endorphins in the brain.
Subject + passive reporting verb + to infinitive
a) Present Verb - Present Reference ( reporting verb + to V1) Reporting verb geniş zamanda, fiilimsi ise "to infinitive" şeklinde kullanılır. Zaman farkı yoktur. Geniş zamanda gerçekleşen eylem yine geniş zamanda anlatılır. Tiramisu is known to be my favourite dessert. Indian Gate is thought to be the best restaurant in town. Amy is accepted to be the new netball captain.
Subject + passive reporting verb + to infinitive
b) Past Verb - Past Reference ( reporting verb + to V1) Geçmişte gerçekleşmiş bir olay yine geçmişte bildirilmektedir. Zaman farkı yoktur. Bu yüzden reporting verb'ten sonra fiilimsi "to V1" şeklinde kullanılır. Ghosts were imagined to wander around the houses where their beloved ones lived ( = People imagined ghosts wandered around the houses where their beloved ones lived. ) My mother was expected to retire seven years ago but she still goes to work every day. Israel was thought to be a part of Palestine until the local Jews declared the land as Israel.
Subject + passive reporting verb + to infinitive
c) Present Verb - Past Reference ( reporting verb + to have V3) Geçmişte gerçekleşmiş bir olay şimdi bildirilmektedir. Zaman farkı vardır. Bu yüzden reporting verb'ten sonra fiilimsi "to have V3" şeklinde kullanılır. Gary is understood to have come to work late this morning. (Gary came to work late this morning) Laura is known to have taken the driver's test five times before she could pass it. Peter is expected to have bought a new house in the suburbs.
Subject + passive reporting verb + to infinitive
d) Past Verb - Past Perfect Reference ( reporting verb + to have V3) Geçmişte daha önce gerçekleşmiş bir eylem bildirilmektedir. Bu yüzden reporting verb'ten sonra fiilimsi "to have V3" şeklinde kullanılır. Rick was believed to have stolen the pencil from the classroom. The police officer was reported to have pulled out his gun and shot an innocent black man. The Queen was assumed to have left her crown to his son but she never did.
Subject + passive reporting verb + to infinitive
e) Continous Infinitive Forms ( reporting verb + to be Ving) Bu cümle yapısının fiilimsi bölümünde, devam etmekte olan ya da belli bir zaman devam etmiş olan eylemleri anlatmak için "to infinitive"in progressive hallerini kullanabiliriz. My grandmother is thought to be cooking dinner now. Colin is said to be planning to buy a new car. Boby was claimed to be thinking of moving to Australia. Jack was believed to be trying hard to finish his homework.
Subject + passive reporting verb + to infinitive
f) Passive Infinitive Forms ( reporting verb + to be V3) "To infinitive"in edilgen hallerini kullanmamız da mümkündür. Bu kullanımda özne işi yapan değil, işten etkilenen kişi / şeydir. Many of their works are expected to be accepted by the committee. Cathy is hoped to be appointed as the new general secretary of the UN. The meeting this afternnon is assumed to be cancelled.
Belinda is thought ---- her sister get over a mild depression. She would never be able to recover by herself.
to help
to have helped
to be helping
Yeah!
Next question
Amy is romoured ---- thirthy million dollars from her grandfather. She still denies it, though.
to be inherited
to be inheriting
to have inherited
Yeah!
Next question
The snowstorm is reported ---- the province by 10 pm today, so the warnings are coming from the local channels.
to be hitting
to hit
to have hit
Yeah!
Results
CAUSATIVE
Have + person + V1
Coco and Damien are having the architect redecorate their entire house.
Bu yapı birisine görevini yaptırmak veya sorumluluk vermek anlamında kullanılmaktadır. Mandy had the plumber unclog the sink this morning and now she can use it with ease. Our teacher had James carry her heavy books and bag all the way from the car park to the third floor of the school.
CAUSATIVE
Get + person + to V1
Birisine ikna yoluyla bir şey yaptırmak anlamında kullanılmaktadır. If I pass my final year examinations, I will get my parents to buy me a new smartphone. I got my neighbor to water my plants when I was away. The school got a professional actor to help the students with their drama performances .
CAUSATIVE
Make + person + V1
Bu yapı birisine zorla bir şey yaptırmak anlamında kullanılmaktadır. make somebody do something = force somebody to do something I lost a bet to my best friend and he made me do his laundry for an entire week. After Martin accidentally broke the lamp, Rick made him pay for it. make somebody do something = enable / cause somebody to do something You shouldn't make your children watch TV because it is harmful to their development.
CAUSATIVE
Bu yapı birisine bir şey yapmasına izin vermek anlamında kullanılmaktadır. Let somebody do something = allow somebody to do something My father let me see my friends after eight only when I started college. I can't let my dog stay out all day long as the neighbors complain. The government let her keep her apartment on condition that she pays her loan by next month.
Let + person + V1
CAUSATIVE
Bu yapı daha çok bir hizmet almak, bir şeyi para ödeyerek yaptırmak anlamında kullanılmaktadır. Önemli olmadığı sürece eylemi kimin yaptığı söylenmez. Mindy has had her hair cut. I am planning to have my passport renewed as it is expiring in a week's time. Sarah has her car serviced once a year. We had the house painted a few weeks ago.
Have + object + V3
CAUSATIVE
Bu yapı da bir hizmet almak, bir şeyi para ödeyerek yaptırmak anlamında kullanılmaktadır. Ayrıca zor bir işin üstesinden gelme, başarma anlamında da kullanılabilmektedir. She is getting her prescription filled. I want to get a dress done for my senior prom. The manager got the report handed in two days before the deadline with his extreme pressure method.
Get + object + V3
QUESTION 1
Henry ---- his left wisdom tooth ---- as it was giving him toothaches in the middle of the night.
had / to remove
had / removed
had / remove
QUESTION 2
John was ---- to ----- the dishes for a week after he failed some of his lessons.
make / washed
made / wash
make / wash
QUESTION 3
Gary ---- the weed in his garden ---- every fortnight to keep his garden neat and clean.
gets / pull out
gets / pulled out
gets / to pull out
QUESTION 4
I am experiencing dreadful headaches and I ---- the doctor to ---- a thorough body check up to ensure that I am healthy.
get / doing
will get / do
have / do
CONGRATULATIONS!
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THANKS
PASSIVE AND CAUSATIVE
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Transcript
PASSIVE & CAUSATIVE
START
FORMING PASSIVE
TRANSITIVE & INTRANSITIVE VERBS
VERB TENSES: THE PASSIVE VOICE
MODALS: THE PASSIVE VOICE
PASSIVE INFINITIVES AND GERUNDS
index
HEARSAY REPORTING
CAUSATIVE
FORMING PASSIVE (BE + V3)
HANGİ DURUMLARDA PASSIVE YAPI KULLANIRIZ? Eylemi gerçekleştiren özne belli değilse , Eylemi yapan kişi biliniyorsa ve kolaylıkla anlaşılıyorsa, Eylemi kimin yaptığı değil de eylemin kendisi veya nesne önemli ise passive yapı kullanılır.
BİR CÜMLE NASIL PASSIVE YAPILIR?
Active (etken) cümlenin öznesi passive (edilgen) cümlenin nesnesi haline gelir. Active cümlede kullanılan zaman veya modal değiştirilmez; bunun yerine fiil kullanıldığı "tense"e göre (yardımcı fiil) + be + V3 şeklinde kullanılır. Eylemi yapan kişiyi belirtmek zorunlu değildir, ancak belirtilmek isteniyorsa cümlenin sonuna "by + agent" şeklinde yazılır.
Active : Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone. Subject (Özne) Object (Nesne) Passive : The telephone was invented by A. Graham Bell. Subject Object
+info
Examples: Ancient Romans built the Colesseum. (Active or Passive? ) Passive : The Colesseum was built by Ancient Romans. Art lovers have admired The Mona Lisa throughout history. Passive: The Mona Lisa has been admired by art lovers throughout history.
Passive (Edilgen) Cümlelerde Kullanılabilen / Kullanılamayan Fiiller
Active bir cümlenin passive yapılabilmesi için cümlede nesne bulunmalıdır. Kendisinden sonra nesne alabilen fiillere transitive verbs (geçişli) fiiller denir. I picked up all these flowers to make you happy. All these flowers were picked up (by me) to make you happy. A wealthy man has bought all these toys and books. All these toys and books have been bought by a wealthy man. Transitive verbs (geçişli fiiller), "neyi, kimi" sorularına cevap verir.
Intransitive Verbs (Geçişsiz fiiller)
Cümle içinde nesne almayan fiillere intransitive verbs (geçişsiz fiiller) denir. Nesne alamadıkları için edilgen yapıda kullanılamazlar. The baby has just sneezed. (Bebek az önce hapşırdı) They have gone out to get some fresh air. (Biraz temiz hava almak için dışarı çıktılar. )
Kimi fiiller hem geçişli hem de geçişsiz olabilir. Fakat bu durumda genellikle anlamlarında değişiklik olur. Bu şekilde yaygın olarak kullanılan fiiller:
TRANSITIVE (GEÇİŞLİ)
INTRANSITIVE (GEÇİŞSİZ)
VERB
Kimi fiiller hem geçişli hem de geçişsiz olabilir. Fakat bu durumda genellikle anlamlarında değişiklik olur. Bu şekilde yaygın olarak kullanılan fiiller:
TRANSITIVE
INTRANSITIVE
VERBS
QUIZ
Question 1
The small boat moved slowly through the grey sea.Transitive or intransitive ?
Intransitive
Transitive
QUIZ
Question 2
Many years ago, a young boy discovered a huge cave in Kentucky.Transitive or intransitive?
Transitive
Intransitive
QUIZ
Question 3
We arrived at the stadium 10 minutes before the game started. Transitive or intransitive?
Intransitive
Transitive
The Simple Present Tense
My mother waters the flowers twice a week.Passive: ? The people in Peru and Bolivia speaks Quechua. Passive: ? He cleans his room every weekend. Passive: ? Julia takes me to school on weekdays. Passive: ?
The Simple Present Tense ile kurulan cümleler, nesnesine am / is / are + V3 eklenerek edilgen hale getirilir. Active: They open the supermarket at 10 every day. Passive: The supermarket is opened at 10 every day.
The Present Continous Tense
The gardener is mowing the grass for the time being. Passive: ? The whole country is celebrating the festival these days. Passive: ? My mother is making pies now. Passive: ? The government is lowering tax-levels so that people can set up new factories. Passive: ?
The Present Continous Tense ile kurulan cümleler, nesnesine am / is / are + being + V3 eklenerek edilgen hale getirilir. Am / is / are yardımcı fiillerinden sonra "being" getirilmesinin sebebi eylemin devamlılığını vurgulamaktır. Active: The famous writer is writing a new book now. Passive: A new book is being written by the famous writer now.
The Simple Past Tense
The arheologist found a new monument last year. He thinks the Chinese built it about 2000 years ago. Passive: ? Vincent Van Gogh painted the Starry Night in 1889. Passive: ? The police surrounded the building because someone reported the suspect. Passive: ? The translator translated the speech of the President in the conference. Passive: ?
The Simple Past Tense ile kurulan etken cümleler, nesnesine was / were + V3 eklenerek edilgen hale getirilir. Active: The judge sentenced the murderers to life imprisonment. Passive: The murderers were sentenced to life imprisonment.
The Past Continous Tense
They were recording the conversations between the suspects. Passive: ? The teacher was giving the lecture when I entered the classroom. Passive: ? She was preparing the meal and her husband was making the salad. Passive: ? The Minister was declaring the long-awaited regulations when we turned on the news. Passive: ?
Geçmişte aynı anda gerçekleşen iki eylemden devamlılık gösteren The Past Continous Tense ile ifade edilir. Bu tense ile kurulan etken cümleler, nesneye was / were being + V3 eklenerek edilgen hale getirilebilir. Active: His computer broke down while he was downloading a file. Passive: His computer broke down while a file was being downloaded (by him).
PRESENT AND PAST PASSIVES
Exercises
Change the following active sentences into passive ones. 1. He stole ten apples from the neighbor's garden. 2. Many people are visiting the new restaurant downtown and they seem to be very happy with the food and service. 3. I was feeding the cat when the bell rang.
4. My grandmother brings us delicious pancakes and maple syrup every Sunday morning. 5. Both my neighbor and I planted the strawberry tree in the garden. 6. My little sister was completing the Math homework when I went to pick up groceries.
IDIOM OF THE DAY WHAT'S DONE IS DONE!
The Simple Future Tense (am /is / are going to)
When we go on holiday, our neighbor is going to feed our dog. Passive: ? The government is going to demolish all of the buildings. Passive: ? The teacher is going to announce the exam results on Wednesday. Passive: ? According to the schedule, they are going to complete the new metro line in June. Passive: ?
"Am / is / are going to" ile oluşturulan etken cümleler geleceğe yönelik planlanmış eylemleri anlatır. Bu cümleler, nesneye am / is / are going to + be + V3 eklenerek edilgen hale getirilir. Active: They are going to take her to the hospital in the afternoon. Passive: She is going to be taken to the hospital in the afternoon.
The Simple Future Tense (will)
The catering firm will prepare the food for the event. Passive: ? They will close the supermarket during the feast. Passive: ? From now on, we will forbid the casual clothes and the employees will wear the work uniforms. Passive: ? They will inform us when the bus is about to leave. Passive: ?
"Will" ile oluşturulan etken cümleler genellikle konuşma anında verilen anlık kararları, geleceğe yönelik kanıta dayalı olmayan tahminleri anlatır. Bu cümleler, nesneye will + be + V3 eklenerek edilgen hale getirilir. Active: When the boss has overcome the crisis, he will open a new facory. Passive: A new factory will be opened when the boss has overcome the crisis.
Future in the Past
I was going to do the laundry but I couldn't manage my time. Passive: ? Sarah was going to pay for the drinks but she realized she had spent all of her money. Passive: ? My pen friend was going to send me a postcard from Brazil but he misadressed. Passive: ? We were going to finish the project by the deadline but we had a misfortune. Passive: ?
Geçmiş bir zamanda, gelecekte yapılması planlanan ancak belirli sebeplerden dolayı gerçekleştirilemeyen eylemleri "was / were going to" ile ifade ederiz. Bu etken cümleler, nesneye "was / were going to be + V3" eklenerek edilgen hale getirilir. Active: Our teacher was going to give a video presentation, but she didn't come to school. Passive: A video presentation was going to be given (by our teacher) but she didn't come to school.
The Present Perfect Tense
People have used rivers for navigation for thousands of years. Passive: ? Almost one million people have watched the movie up to now. Passive: ? Somebody has stolen my money during the party. Passive: ? My father has reserved a table for our family dinner. Passive: ?
The Present Perfect Tense ile kurulan etken cümleler, nesneye "have / has + been + V3" eklenerek edilgen hale getirilir. Bu yapıda "be" yardımcı fiilinin Past Participle formunun kullanılması gerektiği unutulmamalıdır. Active: The President has announced the date of the meeting. Passive: The date of the meeting has been announced by the President.
The Past Perfect Tense
Rachel had solved the questions by the time I finished writing it. Passive: ? By the time the police found the suspect, he had robbed many shops. Passive: ? I couldn't attend the training because I had broken my leg last week. Passive: ? The fire had damaged the house by the time the firefighters arrived in the scene. Passive: ?
The Past Perfect Tense ile kurulan etken cümleler, nesneye "had + been + V3" eklenerek passive hale getirilir. Active: When I arrived at the factory, there were police officers at the front door and someone had obviously broken into office rooms. Passive: When I arrived at the factory, there were police officers at the front door and office rooms had obviously been broken into.
The Future Perfect Tense
If we don't go faster, we will have lost our seats. Passive: ? According to the municipality, they will have completed the metro line until 2024. Passive: ? By 2030, Germany will have banned petrol-powered cars. Passive: ? They will have closed the shopping mall by the time we arrive there. Passive: ?
The Future Perfect Tense ile kurulan etken cümleler, nesneye "will have + been + V3" eklenerek edilgen hale getirilir. Active: People hope that by 2030, medical scientists will have improved new techniques to fight against illnesses. Passive: People hope that by 2030, new techniques will have been improved by medical scientists to fight against illnesses.
Simple Modals
If you want to lose weight quickly, you should consume low-calorie drinks. Passive: ? The students can borrrow only two books at a time from the library. Passive: ? Before entering the building, one must take out metal wares. Passive: ? Due to global warming, the increasing temperatures could affect the lives of millions of animal species severely. Passive: ?
Modallar ile kurulan etken cümleler, nesneye "modal + be + V3" getirilerek edilgen yapılır. Active: You had better read the manual carefully before attempting to operate the washing machine. Passive: The manual had better be read carefully before attempting to operate the washing machine.
Perfect Modals
He should have paid the bills in time, now he has to pay a fine. Passive: ? One of his flatmates might have killed him, they have been arguing often lately. Passive: ? The plumber can't have fixed the the pipes properly as they are still leaking. Passive: ? It's no use crying now. They should have considered the consequences before leaving home. Passive: ?
Perfect Modallar ile kurulan etken cümleler, nesneye "modal have + been + V3" getirilerek edilgen yapılır. Active: You could have finished your homework. Passive: Your homework could have been finished. Active: Your cat must have torn my t-shirt. I saw her hair on it. Passive: My t-shirt must have been torn by your cat. I saw her hair on it.
QUIZ
Question 4
Luckily, I ---- about the weather conditions before I ---- to Scotland.
A) am warned / went
D) was warned / would go
B) had been warned /went
C) had warned /go
Right!
NEXT
QUIZ
Question 5
After the accident, someone ---- the police and the drunk driver ----.
D) was called /was arrested
A) called / was arrested
C) called / had been arrested
B) would call / had rrested
Right!
NEXT
Get ile Kurulan Edilgen Yapılar
Simple Past Tense veya Simple Present Tense ile kullanılırsa soru cümleleri ve olumsuz cümlelerde bu zamanların çekimleriyle birlikte "do" ve "did" kullanılır. The cashiers don't get supervised properly, so they have started to steal some of the money. Did marathon runner get punished for taking drugs?
"Get + V3" yapısıyla da edilgen cümleler oluşturulabilir. Bu kullanımı resmi dilde değil, günlük konuşma dilinde daha yaygındır. Beklenmedik, kontrol dışı şekilde gerçekleşen olumsuz eylemleri anlatırken kullanılmaktadır. Peter should get punished ( = should be punished ) for stealing candy from the corner store. If you use your phone while riding your bicycle, you might get run over ( = might be run over) by a car.
Get ile Kurulan Edilgen Yapılar
"Get + V3" yapısıyla oluşturulan edilgen cümleler durum anlatırken kullanılmaz. Diğer bir deyişle "non-progressive" fiillerin olduğu cümlelerde bulunmazlar. That house gets owned by my uncle X That house is owned by my uncle.
Get + V3 yapısı her zaman edilgen anlam vermeyebilir. Bazı durumlarda V3 sıfat olarak kullanılır. get dressed get prepared get washed get hurt get engaged get acquainted with get started get bored with get lost get worried about
Exercises
We couldn't make it to the meeting because we got delayed (delay) by an accident on the road.
01
Scientists have discovered that in countries which receive very little sunlight in winter, people get depressed (depress) more often than those in sunnier countries.
02
Studies have shown that children of drug users (often, involve) .... with drugs themselves.
03
I'm sure John (promote) .... to manager when our present manager leaves next month.
04
Stative Passive (Durum Bildiren Edilgen Yapı)
Bazı fiil köklerine -ed ekleyerek, Past Participle (V3) formunu kullanarak sıfatlar elde edebiliriz. Bu durumda sıfatlar kendilerine uygun preposition ile birlikte kullanılırlar. I am frightened by watching horror movies but my girlfriend loves them. , My little brother was very confused when I told him the Earth is round. Are you sure you're qualified for this job? If you don't want to have any troubles later, you must make sure your car is insured. I was highly unsatisfied with the service of this company.
Exercises
Use the stative passive in the Simple Present or Simple Past with the given verbs. 1. We can't open this box. It (lock) .is locked............................. 2. We couldn't open the box. It (lock)..was locked.................... 3. Turkey (situate) .....is..situated.................... between three seas: the Black Sea in the north, the Aegean in the west, and the Mediterranean in the south. 4. Yesterday, the storm blew a huge tree down onto the country road, and the road (block)....was blocked ... for several hours until they removed it. 5. I didn't go to yesterday's lecture because I (not, interest) .............wasn't interested................. in the subject. 6. Let's stop and have a break. I can't go any further, because I (exhaust) am exhausted
7 .The whole time I lived overseas, my parents (worry) .......were worried......... about me. 8. At last Saturday's society wedding, the bride (dress) ......was dressed in a white satin dress, which was embroidered with thousands of silver sequins. 9. The Professor (annoy) .was ...annoyed............. probably because half of the students hadn't bothered to turn up for his lecture. 14. The Blue Mosque, which is among Istanbul's major tourist attractions, (decorate) ...is decorated.............. very ornately. It's so called because its walls (all, cover) ...........are all covered.......... with blue tiles.
Passive Reporting Structures
Dolaylı bildirim fiilleri; insanların dedikleri, inandıkları, düşündükleri, varsaydıkları şeyleri anlatırken kullanılır. Herkes tarafından kabul edilen gerçekler, resmi bir dil ile aktarılır. Yaygın olarak kullanılan fiiller şunlardır:
accept calculate estimate mention suppose agree claim expect plan allege consider feel presume announce decide find prove argue demonstrate hope reveal assume discover intend say believe establish know suggest
It + passive reporting verb + that + sentence
Scientists know that only 1 % of all water is fit for human consumption. It is known that only 1 % of all water is fit for human consumption. They suggest that the World's water supply of clean water is decreasing faster than it can be replenished. It is suggested that the World's water supply of clean water is decreasing faster than it can be replenished.
+info
People hope that COVID-19 vaccines will end the acute phase of the pandemic. It is hoped that COVID-19 vaccines will end the acute phase of the pandemic. World Health Organization emphasizes that we must still continue wearing masks and avoiding crowds. It is emphasized that we must still continue wearing masks and avoiding crowds.
+info
Subject + passive reporting verb + to infinitive
When you smile, your brain releases tiny molecules to fight off stress. Smiling is known to reduce stress and lower heart rate.
Studies demonstrate that chocolate causes the release of endorphins in the brain. Chocolate is demonstrated to cause the release of endorphins in the brain.
Subject + passive reporting verb + to infinitive
a) Present Verb - Present Reference ( reporting verb + to V1) Reporting verb geniş zamanda, fiilimsi ise "to infinitive" şeklinde kullanılır. Zaman farkı yoktur. Geniş zamanda gerçekleşen eylem yine geniş zamanda anlatılır. Tiramisu is known to be my favourite dessert. Indian Gate is thought to be the best restaurant in town. Amy is accepted to be the new netball captain.
Subject + passive reporting verb + to infinitive
b) Past Verb - Past Reference ( reporting verb + to V1) Geçmişte gerçekleşmiş bir olay yine geçmişte bildirilmektedir. Zaman farkı yoktur. Bu yüzden reporting verb'ten sonra fiilimsi "to V1" şeklinde kullanılır. Ghosts were imagined to wander around the houses where their beloved ones lived ( = People imagined ghosts wandered around the houses where their beloved ones lived. ) My mother was expected to retire seven years ago but she still goes to work every day. Israel was thought to be a part of Palestine until the local Jews declared the land as Israel.
Subject + passive reporting verb + to infinitive
c) Present Verb - Past Reference ( reporting verb + to have V3) Geçmişte gerçekleşmiş bir olay şimdi bildirilmektedir. Zaman farkı vardır. Bu yüzden reporting verb'ten sonra fiilimsi "to have V3" şeklinde kullanılır. Gary is understood to have come to work late this morning. (Gary came to work late this morning) Laura is known to have taken the driver's test five times before she could pass it. Peter is expected to have bought a new house in the suburbs.
Subject + passive reporting verb + to infinitive
d) Past Verb - Past Perfect Reference ( reporting verb + to have V3) Geçmişte daha önce gerçekleşmiş bir eylem bildirilmektedir. Bu yüzden reporting verb'ten sonra fiilimsi "to have V3" şeklinde kullanılır. Rick was believed to have stolen the pencil from the classroom. The police officer was reported to have pulled out his gun and shot an innocent black man. The Queen was assumed to have left her crown to his son but she never did.
Subject + passive reporting verb + to infinitive
e) Continous Infinitive Forms ( reporting verb + to be Ving) Bu cümle yapısının fiilimsi bölümünde, devam etmekte olan ya da belli bir zaman devam etmiş olan eylemleri anlatmak için "to infinitive"in progressive hallerini kullanabiliriz. My grandmother is thought to be cooking dinner now. Colin is said to be planning to buy a new car. Boby was claimed to be thinking of moving to Australia. Jack was believed to be trying hard to finish his homework.
Subject + passive reporting verb + to infinitive
f) Passive Infinitive Forms ( reporting verb + to be V3) "To infinitive"in edilgen hallerini kullanmamız da mümkündür. Bu kullanımda özne işi yapan değil, işten etkilenen kişi / şeydir. Many of their works are expected to be accepted by the committee. Cathy is hoped to be appointed as the new general secretary of the UN. The meeting this afternnon is assumed to be cancelled.
Belinda is thought ---- her sister get over a mild depression. She would never be able to recover by herself.
to help
to have helped
to be helping
Yeah!
Next question
Amy is romoured ---- thirthy million dollars from her grandfather. She still denies it, though.
to be inherited
to be inheriting
to have inherited
Yeah!
Next question
The snowstorm is reported ---- the province by 10 pm today, so the warnings are coming from the local channels.
to be hitting
to hit
to have hit
Yeah!
Results
CAUSATIVE
Have + person + V1
Coco and Damien are having the architect redecorate their entire house.
Bu yapı birisine görevini yaptırmak veya sorumluluk vermek anlamında kullanılmaktadır. Mandy had the plumber unclog the sink this morning and now she can use it with ease. Our teacher had James carry her heavy books and bag all the way from the car park to the third floor of the school.
CAUSATIVE
Get + person + to V1
Birisine ikna yoluyla bir şey yaptırmak anlamında kullanılmaktadır. If I pass my final year examinations, I will get my parents to buy me a new smartphone. I got my neighbor to water my plants when I was away. The school got a professional actor to help the students with their drama performances .
CAUSATIVE
Make + person + V1
Bu yapı birisine zorla bir şey yaptırmak anlamında kullanılmaktadır. make somebody do something = force somebody to do something I lost a bet to my best friend and he made me do his laundry for an entire week. After Martin accidentally broke the lamp, Rick made him pay for it. make somebody do something = enable / cause somebody to do something You shouldn't make your children watch TV because it is harmful to their development.
CAUSATIVE
Bu yapı birisine bir şey yapmasına izin vermek anlamında kullanılmaktadır. Let somebody do something = allow somebody to do something My father let me see my friends after eight only when I started college. I can't let my dog stay out all day long as the neighbors complain. The government let her keep her apartment on condition that she pays her loan by next month.
Let + person + V1
CAUSATIVE
Bu yapı daha çok bir hizmet almak, bir şeyi para ödeyerek yaptırmak anlamında kullanılmaktadır. Önemli olmadığı sürece eylemi kimin yaptığı söylenmez. Mindy has had her hair cut. I am planning to have my passport renewed as it is expiring in a week's time. Sarah has her car serviced once a year. We had the house painted a few weeks ago.
Have + object + V3
CAUSATIVE
Bu yapı da bir hizmet almak, bir şeyi para ödeyerek yaptırmak anlamında kullanılmaktadır. Ayrıca zor bir işin üstesinden gelme, başarma anlamında da kullanılabilmektedir. She is getting her prescription filled. I want to get a dress done for my senior prom. The manager got the report handed in two days before the deadline with his extreme pressure method.
Get + object + V3
QUESTION 1
Henry ---- his left wisdom tooth ---- as it was giving him toothaches in the middle of the night.
had / to remove
had / removed
had / remove
QUESTION 2
John was ---- to ----- the dishes for a week after he failed some of his lessons.
make / washed
made / wash
make / wash
QUESTION 3
Gary ---- the weed in his garden ---- every fortnight to keep his garden neat and clean.
gets / pull out
gets / pulled out
gets / to pull out
QUESTION 4
I am experiencing dreadful headaches and I ---- the doctor to ---- a thorough body check up to ensure that I am healthy.
get / doing
will get / do
have / do
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