Conditional & Time Clauses_BACH

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CONDITIONAL CLAUSES & WISHES

Zero Conditional

Alternatives to IF

What are clauses?

Mixed Conditionals

Types of Clauses

First Conditional

Time Clauses

Second Conditional

Inverted Conditionals

Conditional Clauses

Third Conditional

I wish / If only

Imagen

WORDS,PHRASES,CLAUSES & SENTENCES

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Grammar is the study of the rules about how words change their form and combine with other words to express meaning.

station - write - pretty - easily - you - the - at - and - oh

1. Word

noun verb adjective adverb pronoun determ. prep. conj, interj.

1. Noun phrase 2. Verb phrase 3. Adjective phrase 4. Prepositional phrase 5. Adverbial phrase 6. Participle phrase ...

2. Phrase

The president of the United States

det. noun-HEAD prep.-H [prepositional. phrase]

noun phrase

1. Independent 2. Dependent

3. Clause

Unless you tell the truth,

we can't help you.

S + V

(conjuct) Subj V (complement)

Subj Verb (compl)

4. Sentence

1. Simple 2. Compound 3. Complex 4. Compound-complex

dependent clauseIF-clause

independent clauseMAIN-clause

S + V + expresses a complete thought.

Sentence

TYPES OF CLAUSES

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Clause

group of words containing a subject and a verb, that is usually only part of a sentence

1. Independent clauses (main clauses)

An independent clause has a subject and verb and may stand on its own as a complete thought, but it doesn’t have to.

Wombats live in Australia.

Wombats are awesome.

Independent clauses as a simple sentences.

Wombats are awesome and they live in Australia.

coordinating conjunction - nexus

Two independent clauses combined form a compound sentence.

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COMPOUND SENTENCES (Coordinating)

We can combine independent clauses to form sentences using coordinating conjunctions. It's also possible to use a comma (,), a semicolon (;), a colon (:) or a dash(—).

I’ll take the train and you can take the car.

independent (main) clause

independent (main) clause

My shoes look great, but they aren't very comfortable.

independent (main) clause

independent (main) clause

You can (either) pay by cash or (you can pay) by credit card

independent (main) clause

independent (main) clause

Coordinating conjunctions: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so (fanboys)

TYPES OF CLAUSES

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2. Dependent clauses (subordinate clauses)

A dependent clause has a subject and verb but it cannot stand on its own because it doesn't express complete thoughts. They must be combined with independent clauses to form complex sentences.

I didn't go to work because

I wasn't feeling well.

S V C sub. conjunction

S V C

independent/main clause

dependent/subordinate clause

we can't help you.

Unless you tell the truth,

complex sentences

Subj V C

s. conjuct S V C

dependent/subordinate clause

independent/main clause

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COMPLEX SENTENCES (Subordinating)

They are the combination of an independent clause and one or more dependent clauses by means of a subordinating conjunction.

although no one caught any fish.

Everyone enjoyed the fishing trip

independent /main clause

dependent clause (CONCESSION)

because my bike had a flat tyre.

I was late for school today

independent /main clause

dependent clause (REASON)

we had lunch.

Before we left the house,

PLEASE NOTE the use of a comma when the dependent/subordinate clause comes first. (This rule doesn't apply to relative clauses)

dependent clause (TIME)

independent clause

we can't help you.

Unless you tell the truth,

dependent clause (CONDITION)

independent clause

FUTURE TIME CLAUSES

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Time clauses are subordinate (dependent) clauses introduced by a conjunction such as when, as soon as, before, after, until. The main clause contains a future tense or imperative, but the time clause uses a present tense to refer to actions/events in the future.

as soon as I find / have found a new job.

I will start looking for a flat

independent /main clause

dependent clause (TIME)

you will feel better.

Once the exams are over,

dependent clause (TIME)

independent clause

Nora will save money while she is living with her parents.

They'll let people in until the room is full.

CONDITIONAL CLAUSES

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Conditional clauses are subordinate (dependent) clauses that introduce a restriction to the main clause. The action in the main clause will only happen depending on whether or not the condition is verified, with different levels of likelihood.

CONDITIONAL CLAUSES

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Subordinating conjunction

If you keep my secret, this strawberry is yours.

Main clause

IF clause (subordinate clause)

Complex sentence

Condition / Action

Result / Consequence

Other conjunctions

when, unless, even if, only if, as long as, provided/ing that, in case, as soon as

CONDITIONAL CLAUSES

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If you heat water over 100ºC, it boils.

Zero

Real

If it rains tomorrow, we will go to the cinema.

First

If I were rich, I would travel the world.

Second

Unreal

If I had known you were coming, I would have cooked more.

Third

CONDITIONAL CLAUSES

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Which type of conditional is used in the following sentences?

a. You'll hear back from the committee if your design meets their criteria. b. You need to do some exercise everyday if you want to be fit. c. If there was a fire in this hotel, it would be very difficult to escape. d. He wouldn have died if he hadn't been wearing a helmet. e. If it wasn't raining, we could get to the top of the mountain. f. When people are wearing headphones in the street, they often don't notice cars. h. I she really loved you, she would have asked you to marry her. i. You wouldn't be so tired if you had gone to bed earlier. j. If I haven't come back by 9.00, start dinner without me.

ZERO CONDITIONAL

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If you heat water over 100ºC, it boils.

PRESENT

PRESENT

Main clause

IF clause (subordinate clause)

• Used for facts, general truths & natural laws.
• When the condition is veryfied, the result always happens.

If you touch fire, you get burnt.When you are wearing headphones, you don't notice others. Snakes bite when they are scared. You usually sweat when you have exercised.

FIRST CONDITIONAL

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If it rains tomorrow, we will go to the cinema.

PRESENT (any)

FUTURE (any) / IMPERATIVE / MODAL

Main clause

IF clause (subordinate clause)

• Used for predictions and likely situations in the future.
• When the condition is veryfied, the result usually happens.

If the photos are good, I'll send them to you./send them to me.If I have enough money, I am going to buy some new shoes. She will have finished by five if she isn't interrupted. I will/may go to the party only if/providing that I am feeling better.

SECOND CONDITIONAL

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If I were rich, I would travel the world.

PAST SIMPLE

WOULD/COULD/MIGHT + Bare infinitive

Main clause

IF clause

• Hypothesis about impossible present (1) or unlikely future (2) imaginary situations and their consequences.
• Also used to give advice. *

If there was a fire in this room, it would be easy to escape. (2) If the baby wasn't/weren't crying so loud, I could concentrate. (1) I wouldn't trust him if I were you. *

THIRD CONDITIONAL

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If I had known you were coming, I would have cooked more.

WOULD/COULD HAVE + Past Participle

HAD + Past Participle(Past Perfect simple/continuous)

IF clause

Main clause

• Hypothesis about past situations and regrets.
• Both the condition and the result refer to the past, so it's impossible for them to happen.

If he had studied on a daily basis, he would have passed Math. If we had left early, we wouldn't have missed the train. He would have died if he hadn't been wearing a helmet.

SECOND vs THIRD

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If you came to class more often, you would probably pass.

If you had come to class more often, you would have passed.

ALTERNATIVES TO IF

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I won't go to the party unless you go to. = if not I'll take the umbrella in case in rains. =to be ready, because something might happen I'll be ready to help him whether or not he asks for help. = it will happen in any case, in either of two possibilities Even if you apologize, he won't forgive yo so easily. =emphasis I'll lend you the money as long as / provided that / only if / providing that / on condition that you promise to give it back next month. = emphasis on the condition that must happen Supposing / suppose I got a job, I could travel with you next summer. = if = imagining a situation

ALTERNATIVES TO IF

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Match the halves to make sentences.

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MIXED CONDITIONALS

THIRD+SECOND : Unreal past condition > Present result

If I had won the lottery, I would be rich.

PAST PERFECT

WOULD/COULD/MIGHT + Bare infinitive

IF clause (past condition)

Main clause (present result)

SECOND+THIRD: Unreal present sit > Hypothetical past result

If I were younger, they would have given me the job.

PAST SIMPLE

WOULD/COULD/MIGHT + HAVE + P.P.

Main clause (past result)

IF clause (impossible)

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MIXED CONDITIONALS

Match the different clauses to make mixed conditionals.

a. if I hadn't overslept. b. if you hadn't offered them a better job. c. I would be home by now. d. I wouldn't be working on it now. e. if I hadn't speant six months in Paris. f. this are would never have developed. h. I would be late for my interview.

1. If I'd finished my project during the weekend, 2. I wouldn't be late for class 3. If it weren't for the small number of tourist each year, 4. If I'd been told the class was cancelled, 5. I wouldn't speak French so well 6. The men would still be working in the fields 7. If Kyle hadn't given me a lift,

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MIXED CONDITIONALS

Write mixed conditional clauses to the given situations.

1. Mary doesn’t know how to play badminton. We didn’t invite her to play with us. 2. We don’t have access to company’s network. We couldn’t enter the data yesterday. 3. I spent too much on holiday, I’m broke now. 4. I have so much to do today. I couldn’t dare to spend the whole night at the party yesterday. 5. I’m ready for my exam now after two weeks’ study. 6. The repairman didn’t repair my laptop yesterday so I can’t use it now. 7. I think you should have bought the other dress. 8. It’s really hot today so I refused Mike to go to the cinema. 9. We cancelled our holiday and now we aren’t having fun at the beach. 10. She can’t speak Russian fluently so the meeting didn’t take place.

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MIXED CONDITIONALS

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INVERTED CONDITIONALS

Inversion is used in English to express…

emphasis, dramatism & formality

If he requires any help with that, let me know.If he should require any help with that,Should he require any help with that, ...

If he ate more fruit and vegetables, he'd be healthier.If he were to eat more ...Were he to eat more fruit ...

If you had told me about your problem, I could have helped you.Had you told me about your problem, ...

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Choose the correct alternative: Had / Were / Should

a. ... we to visit Mexico again, I would spend more time visiting the Mayan ruins. b. ... you ever come back to Madrid, you'll be welcome to stay at my house. c. ... she planned her visit properly, she would have had time to go scuba diving. d. ... I not had food poisoning, I would have enjoyed myself a great deal more. e. ... it not for the GPS on my phone, we would be hopelessly lost. f. ... we to invest more in publicity abroad, we would have more foreign tourists. g. ... you paid more attention, you would have hear the ski instructor's directions. h. ... you need anything during your stay, do not hesitate to ask. i. ... our flight not been cancelled, we'd be lying on the beach right now!

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Rewrite the sentences using INVERTED conditionals.

a. If you interviewed the Prime Minister, what would you ask? b. If you see John, please give him my regards. c. If you need assistance, please let us know. d. If he hadn't squandered all his savings, he wouldn't be skint now. e. If she got wind of the situation, she would definitely be devastated . f. If he's accepted for the job, he'll proably go out and celebrate. h. If I hadn't chosen to learn English, I wouldn't be doing this exercise. i. If I were in your shoes, I would confess the truth. j. If she got promoted, her salary would double. k. If we buy bikes, we'll be able to sell the car. l. If we bought bikes, we'd be able to sell the car.

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Rewrite the sentences using a conditional.

a. We didn't walk there because the weather was terrible. b. I'm not feeling tired now because I didn't stay up late last night. c. Jamie got that job because his teacher recommended him. d. They didn't take a map with them as I suggested, so they got lost. e. The house wasn't built because they ran out of money. f. It's possible that Sam would be famous now, but he left the band. h. I feel OK after having taken a nap, otherwise I'd be exhausted. i. The new library can only be built if people donate funds.

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I WISH / IF ONLY

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1. Wishes for the present / future (+Past Simple)

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2. Complain about annoying behaviour (+Would)

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3. Regrets (+Past Perfect)