The Computer System

DFC10093 COMPUTER SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

THE COMPUTER SYSTEM

ZAHIATUL HUDA BINTI MUHAMMAD SHARIF BILIK PENSYARAH JTMK 1

THE COMPUTER SYSTEM

Cache Memory

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Computer functions & Interconnection

Input/Output

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Input/Output Data Transfer

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1.1

COMPUTER FUNCTIONS & INTERCONNECTIONS

Computer architecture is a specification detailing how a set of software and hardware technology standards interact to form a computer system or platform. In short, computer architecture refers to how a computer system is designed and what technologies it is compatible with.

HOW CPU WORKS

Define COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE & COMPUTER ORGANIZATION

Computer Architecture The structure and functional behavior of the computer as seen by the user/programmer.

Computer Architecture is a set of rules and methods that describe the functionality, organization, and implementation of computer system. it as describing the capabilities and programming of a computer

Computer Architecture is a specification detailing how a set of software and hardware technology standards interact o form a computer system or platform.

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Define COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE & COMPUTER ORGANIZATION

Computer Organization The way the hardware component operate and the way they are connected together to form the computer system. Computer organization deals with structural relationships that are not visible to the programmer such as interface to peripheral devices, the clock frequency, and the technology used for the memory

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THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN COMPUTER ORGANIZATION & COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE

COMPUTER ORGANIZATION

COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE

• is about attributes in computer system as viewed by programmer and have a direct impact to logicexecution of a program.

• is about component that linked with operational unit of a computer system

• Example : hardware technology, interface, memory technology and control signal.

• Example : instruction set, arithmetic, addressing modes and input output mechanisme.

• organization may change as rapid changes of technology ponent that linked with operational unit of a computer system

• architecture may maintained for hundred years.

• one computer model, for example Intel x86; may maintained its architecture but differ in its organisation

INTERCONNECTION STRUCTURES WITHIN A COMPUTER SYSTEM

• The collection of paths connecting the various modules of a computer (CPU, memory, I/O) is called the interconnection structure.
• The collection of paths connecting the various modules is call the Interconnection structure
• The design of this structure will depend on the exchange that must be made between modules

5 MAJOR OPERATIONS OF COMPUTER SYSTEM

The input operation recognizes input from keyboard or mouse

The processing operation manipulates data according to the user’s instructions.

The storage operation keeps track of files for use later. Examples of storage devices include flash memory and hard drives.

The output operation sends output to the video screen printer

The control -The process of input, output, processing and storage is performed under the supervision of a unit called ‘Control Unit’.

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MAJ0R ORGANIZATION PROCESS IN CPU

ARITHMETIC & LOGIC UNIT (ALU)

ALU, singkatan dari Arithmetic And Logic Unit ( unit aritmatik dan logik), adalah salah satu bagian dalam dari sebuah mikroprosesor yang berfungsi untuk melakukan operasi hitungan aritmatika dan logika. Contoh operasi aritmatika adalah operasi penjumlahan dan pengurangan, sedangkan contoh operasi logika adalah logika AND dan OR.

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CONTROL UNIT (CU)

CU (Control Unit ) Control Unit (CU) adalah salah satu bagian dari CPU yang bertugas untuk memberikan arahan/kendali/ kontrol terhadap operasi yang dilakukan di bagian ALU (Arithmetic Logical Unit) di dalam CPU tersebut. Output dari CU ini akan mengatur aktiviti dari bahagian lainnya dari perangkat CPU tersebut. CU diimplementasikan sebagai sebuah microprogram yang disimpan di dalam tempat penyimpanan kontrol (control store).

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STORAGE

Komputer merupakan peralatan elektronik yang berupaya untuk menyimpan data, arahan, maklumat dan dokumen. Ia boleh dipanggil untuk digunakan pada bila-bila masa. Komputer menyimpannya di dalam bentuk elektromagnet dan ianya boleh dicapai oleh komputer sahaja. Storan adalah ruang ingatan pada sesebuah komputer. Storan terbahagi kepada dua iaitu Storan primer Storan sekunder

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BUS INTERCONNECTION

A key characteristic of a bus is a that it is a shared transmission medium

A bus is a comunication pathwway connecting two or more device

Each line is capable of transmitting signal representing binary digit (1 or 0)

A bus consists of multiple pathways or lines

TYPE OF TRANSFERS

Memory to CPU

CPU to Memory

I/O to CPU

CPU to I/O

I/O to or from Memory (DMA)

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BUS STRUCTURE

PHYSICAL BUS ARCHITECTURE

System bus is a number of parallel electrical conducters. The conducters are metal lines attached in a card or printed circuit board. The bus extends across all of the components that taps into the bus lines.

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TRADITIONAL BUS ARCHITECTURE

Local bus - CPU cache System bus - Main memory - cache Expansion bus - I/O Modules - Main

THE VON NEUMANN MODEL OF A DIGITAL COMPUTER

1945: John von Neumann - Computer architecture based on that described in 1945 by the mathematician and physicist John von Neumann - wrote a report on the stored program concept, known as the First Draft of a Report on EDVAC - The basic structure proposed in the draft became known as the “von Neumann machine” (or model). • a memory, containing instructions and data • a processing unit, for performing arithmetic and logical operations • a control unit, for interpreting instructions

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BUS STRUCTURE

The von Neumann model consists of five major components. The input unit provides the instruction and data to the system and subsequently stored in the memory unit. The instruction and data are processed by the arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) under the direction of the control unit. The results are sent to the output unit.

THE VON NEUMANN MODEL

CONTROL UNIT

ALU UNIT

INPUT UNIT

MEMORY UNIT

OUTPUT UNIT

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THE COMPUTER: TOP - LEVEL STRUCTURE

INTERCONNECTION STRUCTURES

A computer consists of a set of components (CPU, memory, I/O) that communicate with each other. The collection of paths connecting the various modules is call the interconnection structure. The design of this structure will depend on the exchange that must be made between modules.

TYPES COMPUTER INTERCONNECTIONS

THE BUS SYSTEM MODEL BUS INTERCONNECTION

A refinement of the Von Neumann model, the system bus model has a CPU (ALU and control), memory, and an input output. Most important to the system bus model, the communications among the components are by means of a shared pathway called the system bus, which is made up of the data bus (which carries the information being transmitted), the address bus (which identifies where the information is being sent), and the control bus (which describes aspects of how the information is being sent, and in what manner). (Remember!!!!!) There is also a power bus for electrical power to the components, which is not shown, but its presence is understood. Some architectures may also have a separate I/O bus.

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TYPES OF COMPUTER'S BUS: INTERNAL vs EXTERNAL

External Bus (Expansion Bus)

Internal Bus (System Bus)

Sometimes called the input/output bus The external bus, or expansion bus, is made up of the electronic pathways that connect the different external devices, such as printer etc., to the computer.

The internal bus, also known as local bus, memory bus, system bus or Front-Side-Bus, connects all the internal components of a computer, such as CPU and memory, to the motherboard. Allow the processor to communicate with the system’s central memory (the RAM)

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THE SYSTEM BUS / INTERNAL BUS / LOCAL BUS

EXTERNAL BUS (EXPANSION BUS)

The external bus, also known as expansion bus, is made up of the electronic pathways that connect the different external devices, such as monitor, printer etc, to the computer. These external devices connect to ports on the back of the computer.

Those ports are actually part of a small circuit board or 'card' that fits into a connector on your motherboard inside the case.

A very important feature of PC Computers is the external bus slots into which various I/O cards are plugged

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EXPANSION BUS TYPE

number of devices and functions. typically add a peripheral card to an existing bus slot. The following list are common expansion buses in a PC system:

Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP)

Peripheral Component Interconnect Express (PCIe)

Mini-PCI

Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI)

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