INTERMEDIATE 5 UNIT 9

Presentation

intermediate 5unit 9

Jhun Flores

Reported Speech: statements, questions & more

WHAT'S REPORTED SPEECH FOR?

Sometimes someone says a sentence, for example "I'm going to the cinema tonight". Later, maybe we want to tell someone else what the first person said.

here's how it works:

As reported speech is to tell someone what another person said, we can use direct speech or indirect speech. Direct speech: 'I work in a bank,' said Daniel. Indirect speech: Daniel said that he worked in a bank. In indirect speech, we often use a tense which is 'further back' in the past (e.g. worked) than the tense originally used (e.g. work). This is called 'backshift'. We also may need to change other words that were used, for example pronouns.

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observesome examples

Look at these examples to see how we can tell someone what another person said. Direct speech: 'I love the Toy Story films,' she said. Indirect speech: She said she loved the Toy Story films. Direct speech: 'I worked as a waiter before becoming a chef,' he said. Indirect speech: He said he'd worked as a waiter before becoming a chef. Direct speech: 'I'll phone you tomorrow,' he said. Indirect speech: He said he'd phone me the next day.

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Present Tense

When we backshift, present simple changes to past simple, present continuous changes to past continuous and present perfect changes to past perfect. 'I travel a lot in my job.' Jamila said that she travelled a lot in her job. 'The baby's sleeping!' He told me the baby was sleeping. 'I've hurt my leg.' She said she'd hurt her leg.

Past Tense

When we backshift, past simple usually changes to past perfect simple, and past continuous usually changes to past perfect continuous. 'We lived in China for five years.' She told me they'd lived in China for five years. 'It was raining all day.' He told me it had been raining all day. Past perfect The past perfect doesn't change. 'I'd tried everything without success, but this new medicine is great.' He said he'd tried everything without success, but the new medicine was great.

Reporting Verbs

suggest

admit

Look at these examples

Direct speech: 'You should come, it's going to be a lot of fun,' she said. Indirect speech: She persuaded me to come. Direct speech: 'Wait here,' he said. Indirect speech: He told us to wait there. Direct speech: 'It wasn't me who finished the coffee,' he said. Indirect speech: He denied finishing the coffee.

reply

claim

explain

insist

here's how it works:

When we tell someone what another person said, we often use the verbs say, tell or ask. These are called 'reporting verbs'. However, we can also use other reporting verbs. Many reporting verbs can be followed by another verb in either an infinitive or an -ing form.

Reporting verb + infinitive Reporting verb + -ing

Reporting verbs + infinitives

Verbs like advise, agree, challenge, claim, decide, demand, encourage, invite, offer, persuade, promise, refuse and remind can follow an infinitive pattern. 'Let's see. I'll have the risotto, please.' He decided to have the risotto. 'I'll do the report by Friday, for sure.' She promised to do the report by Friday. 'It's not a good idea to write your passwords down.' They advised us not to write our passwords down. We can also use an infinitive to report imperatives, with a reporting verb like tell, order, instruct, direct or warn. 'Please wait for me in reception.' The guide told us to wait for her in reception. 'Don't go in there!' The police officer warned us not to go in there.

Reporting verbs + -ing

Verbs like admit, apologise for, complain about, deny, insist on, mention and suggest can follow an -ing form pattern. 'I broke the window.' She admitted breaking the window. 'I'm really sorry I didn't get back to you sooner.' He apologised for not getting back to me sooner. 'Let's take a break.' She suggested taking a break.

Questions

In indirect speech, we change the question structure (e.g. Do you like) to a statement structure (e.g. I like). We also often make changes to the tenses and other words in the same way as for reported statements (e.g. have done → had done, today → that day). Direct speech: 'Do you like working in sales?' he asked. Indirect speech: He asked me if I liked working insales.

Questions

Yes/no questions In yes/no questions, we use if or whether to report the question. "If " is more common. 'Are you going to the Helsinki conference?' He asked me if I was going to the Helsinki conference. 'Have you finished the project yet?' She asked us whether we'd finished the project yet. Questions with a question word In wh- or how questions, we use the question word to report the question followed up with a sentence structure. 'What time does the train leave?' He asked me what time the train left. 'Where did he go?' She asked where he went.

Imperative

Reported speech imperatives differ in structure to other reported speech sentences. Imperatives are: Commands: Keep quiet! Requests: Please close the window Advice: Go and lie down Suggestions: Take the test next year instead This is the structure that we use: Reporting verb (e.g. ask, tell) + noun/pronoun + (not) to infinitive She said, "Keep quiet!" She instructed me to keep quiet "Please close the window", the teacher said. The teacher asked me to close the window He told her, "Go and lie down" He told her to go and lie down She said, "Take the test next year instead" She advised them to take the test next year instead.

NO BACKSHIFTING

If what the speaker has said is still true or relevant, it's not always necessary to change the tense. This might happen when the speaker has used a present tense. 'I go to the gym next to your house.' Jenny told me that she goes to the gym next to my house. I'm thinking about going with her. ' I'm working in Italy for the next six months.' He told me he's working in Italy for the next six months. Maybe I should visit him! ' I've broken my arm!' She said she's broken her arm, so she won't be at work this week.

pronouns, demonstrative and adverbs of time & place

We also change demonstratives and adverbs of time and place if they are no longer accurate. 'This is my house.' He said this was his house. [You are currently in front of the house.] He said that was his house. [You are not currently in front of the house.] 'We like it here.' She told me they like it here. [You are currently in the place they like.] She told me they like it there. [You are not in the place they like.] 'I'm planning to do it today.' She told me she's planning to do it today. [It is currently still the same day.] She told me she was planning to do it that day. [It is not the same day any more.] .

Pronouns also usually change in indirect speech. 'I enjoy working in my garden,' said Bob. Bob said that he enjoyed working in his garden. 'We played tennis for our school,' said Alina. Alina told me they'd played tennis for their school. However, if you are the person or one of the people who spoke, then the pronouns don't change. 'I'm working on my thesis,' I said. I told her that I was working on my thesis. 'We want our jobs back!' we said. We said that we wanted our jobs back.

In the same way, these changes to those, now changes to then, yesterday changes to the day before, tomorrow changes to the next/following day and ago changes to before.

Let's review!!

Grammar Extra: Unit 9pg. 144

Let's review!!

Grammar Extra: Unit 9pg. 144

gradedexercises

READING & WRITING

"Teamworkmakes everything easier and faster."

"Teamworkmakes everything easier and faster."

Video

That'sall !