C1 CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

ZERO, FIRST, SECOND, THIRD, MIXED CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

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INDEX

First conditional + happen to

Zero conditional sentences

First conditional sentences

Second conditional sentences

Third conditional sentences

Other words to use instead of if in first conditional sentences.

Mixed conditional sentences. Types 1, 2, 3 and 4.

An excepption to the rule (1st condi)

Video summary

1. ZERO CONDITIONAL SENTENCESWhen to use them.

Zero conditionals talk about something that is always true. In this type of sentences both verbs are usually in the Present Tense. If + subject + Present tense+ compl , sub+ Present tense+ complements Here we can use if or when with the same meaning. Examples: • If you have children, you worry about them all the time. • If children stay indoors all the time, they become unfit. • If/when it rains, we play football indoors. • If I work late, I get tired. • If the water is boiling, it means the food is nearly ready.

Present tense

2. FIRST CONDITIONAL SENTENCESWhen to use them.

First conditionals are used to talk about situations that are probable to happen. It talks about the result of a possible event in the future. If + subject + Present tense+ complements , sub+ will/can/might/should/ must+ bare infinitive + complements. Examples: • You might have to wait until next year if you don´t apply soon. If you keep driving like that, you´ll be fined. • If the suitcases are too heavy, I can help you carry them. • If you come early, we can discuss the problem together. • If you get wet, you should change your clothes immediately. • If parents want their kids to grow up healthy, they shouldn´t protect them so much. • If you don´t understand the instructions, you must tell me immediately.

Present tense

Future tense or modal verbs

3. OTHER WORDS TO USE INSTEAD OF IF

• I´ll believe it when I see it. • You can go home when you have finished. (Puedes irte a casa cuando hayas acabado)

UNLESS • I won´t finish this unless you help me. (No acabaré esto a menos que me ayudes) • I won´t finish this if you don´t help me. (No acabaré esto, si no me ayudas)

WHEN

AS LONG ASPROVIDED/PROVIDING THAT (siempre que, con la condición de que)

1. I´ll lend you my car as long as you give it back to me tomorrow.
2. I´ll do what you say provided /providing (that) the police are not informed.

SUPPOSING (What if/imagine if) Supposing they were given a boat, would they live there?

EVEN IF We´ll go for a picnic even if it rains.

IN CASE I´ll buy some water in case I get thirsty. I´ll buy some water if I get thirsty.

4. AN EXCEPTION TO THE RULE IN 1st Cond

1st Conditional sentence variation: If-clause using will/won´t + main clause using will too.

It is usually incorrect to use a future form in the if clause. However, it is appropriate to use it if will/won't refers to willingness or refusal.

The company will impose sanctions if the workers won't abandon the strike.

REFUSAL

If you'll take a seat for a moment, Mrs Geoghan will be with you soon.

WILLINGNESS

5. FIRST CONDITIONAL + HAPPEN TO

To make the first conditional more formal and the condition a little less likely, we can use happen to, or we can omit if and use should before the subject.

If/should you happen to be in the neibourhood, feel free to visit our showroom.

Should you be less than delighted with our product, we will refund your money immediately.

6. A. SECOND CONDITIONAL SENTENCES When to use them.

Second conditionals are used to talk about unreal or imaginary situations which are not probable to happen. If + subject + Past tense+ complements , sub+ would/could/might/might not+ bare infinitive + complements Examples: • If journalists believed my story, I could become famous.If I were you, I wouldn´t shoplift any more. • If it stopped raining, we could go out. • If you did more exercise, you might feel better. They might be angry if I didn't visit them.

Past tense

Would or other modal verbs: could, might...

6. B. SECOND CONDITIONAL SENTENCESGeneral truths in the past.

When we talk about general truths in the past, both the if-clause and the result clause can use past tenses.If + subject + past tense+ complements , sub+ past tense + complements Examples:• It helped the programme´s ratings if they had a kind of hate figure.If she had an exam, she fell ill.

Past tense

Past tense

7. THIRD CONDITIONAL SENTENCESWhen to use them.

Third conditionals are used to talk about past situations that didn't happen. So it is impossible to make them. IF+ subject + PAST PERFECT+ complements , subject+ WOULD/ WOULDN´T HAVE+ PAST PARTICIPLE + complements had done/gone/written (hubiera/hubiese hecho, ido, escrito) would have done/gone/written (habría hecho, ido, escrito) Examples: • If I had driven more carefully, I wouldn´t have had the accident. • If he hadn´t eaten so much, he wouldn´t have fallen ill.

Past perfect tense

Would have + past participle

8. MIXED CONDITIONAL SENTENCESType 1.

Mixed conditional TypeI 1 refers to an UNREAL PAST EVEN/CONDITION and its PROBABLE/POSSIBLE RESULT in the present. They are a combination of a second and a third conditional. If + subject + PAST PERFECT+ complements , subject+ WOULD/WOULDN´T + BARE INFINITIVE + complements. had listened/watched/seen (hubiera/hubiese escuchado, observado, visto) would be/go (sería, iría) Examples: If you had listened to my advice, you would not be in this situation now. (Si tú hubieras/hubieses escuchado mi consejo, no estarías en esta situación ahora) If you had warned me then, I wouldn´t be in prison now. (Si me hubieras/hubieses advertido entonces, yo no estaría en la cárcel ahora)

Unreal past event

Present result

Past perfect tense

Would/wouldn´t + bare infinitive.

9. MIXED CONDITIONAL SENTENCESType 2.

Mixed conditional TypeI 2 refers to a PAST CONDITION and its FUTURE RESULT . They are a combination of a second and a first conditional. IF+ subject + PAST SIMPLE+ complements , subject+ WILL+INF OR BE GOING TO + complements. Examples: If they left at midnight yesterday, I´m sure they will be here by lunchtime tomorrow. (Si salieron ayer a media noche, estoy segura de que estarán aquí a la hora de comer mañana).

Past condition

Future result

Past simple

Will/ be going to.

10. MIXED CONDITIONAL SENTENCESType 3.

Mixed conditional TypeI 3 refers to a PAST CONDITION and its PAST/PRESENT RESULT. IF+ subject + PAST SIMPLE+ complements , subject+ PRESENT PERFECT + complements. Examples: If you gave them all your money, you´ve made a big mistake. (Si les diste todo tu dinero, has cometido un gran error). If you told them your secret, they have already let the cat out of the bag for sure. (Si les contaste tu secreto, seguro que ya lo han revelado ya)

Past condition

Past/present result result

Past simple

Present perfect.

6. MIXED CONDITIONAL SENTENCESType 4.

Mixed conditional TypeI 4 refers to a PRESENT UNREAL CONDITION and its PAST RESULT. IF+ subject + PAST SIMPLE+ complements , subject+ WOULD/COULD/MIGHT HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE + complements. Examples: If the island were still a tourist attraction, more people would have died in the earthquake. (The island is no longer a tourist attraction so fewer people died) (Si la isla todavía fuera una atracción turística, habría muerto más gente en el terremoto). If I had more money, I would have gone to France. If I were rich, I would have got that Ferrari.

Past condition

Past result

Past simple

would/could/might + have+ past participle

6. EXAMPLES AND PRACTICE

1. Si ella come frutos secos, le aparecen manchas rojas en la piel.

2. Si el líder del partido no se hubiera visto envuelto en el escándalo, ellos habrían ganado la mayoría absoluta.

3. Si el gobierno hubiera construido suficientes carriles de bici, la ciudad no estaría tan congestionada ahora

4. Si los dos países no llegan a un acuerdo, eso debilitará las relaciones entre los dos países.

5. Miles de personas morirán a menos que el tabaco se prohíba.

6. No habría habido tantas revueltas si las elecciones no hubieran sido amañadas.

7. Si le amenazaste, has cometido un error.

8. Si los ciudadanos recogen 50.000 firmas para una petición en Suiza, eso desencadena un referendum.

6. ANSWERS

1. If she eats nuts, she gets red spots on her skin.

2. If the party leader hadn´t been mixed up in the scandal, they would have won the absolute majority .

3. If the government had built enough cycle lanes, the city wouldn´t be so congested now.

4. If the two countries don´t reach an agreement, the relations between the two will be undermined.

5. Hundreds of people will die unless smoking is completely banned.

6. There wouldn´t have been so many riots if the election hadn´t been rigged.

7. If you threatened him, you have made a mistake.

8. In Switzerland if citizens collect 50,000 signatures on a petition, a referendum is automatically triggered.

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7. VIDEO SUMMARY

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