PNP401KDD- Infographic on Bacterial Skin Infections

PNP401KDD -Pathophysiology

Bacterial skin infections: Infographic assignment

Impetigo & Cellulitis

Anastasiya Bakhtina Melaine Barrette Anjelica Alvarez-Espana Arianna Malcolm

Bacterial Skin Infectinos

Pathophysiology

Impetigo & Cellulitis

Impetigo

-This is a contageous, local infectino of the superficial epidermis, primarily by cause of streptococcus pyogenes or staphylococcus aureus (gram +). This is categorized into two types of impetigo:

1. PRIMARY IMPETIGO

-Comes from non-affected skin that was exposed & affected by direct bacterial invasion (Nardi et al, 2020)

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

IMPETIGO

.THE TWO TYPES OF IMPETIGO INCLUDE PRIMARY, AND SECONDARY

SECONDARY

PRIMARY

Comes from non-affected skin that was exposed and affected by direct bacterial invasion. this causes large fluid-containing blisters (Nardi et al, 2020)

Includes an infectino growing in an already poorly healed wound site. wounds that present contain yellow crust & red edges around the skin (Nardi et al, 2020)

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PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

Cellutis

+ info

An infection of the dermis & subcutanous tissue, Often secondary to a skin injury/ulcer25

An already compromised area is invaded by another organism, causing erythema & edema from the inflammatory response process in the body (Advances in Skin & Wound Care, n.d., 2003)

Causative organism being (S.aureus) & (Streptococcus spp). As these organisms multiply, an inflammatory response is initiated, affecting the dermal & SubQ tissue (Hubert et al, 2018., p.150)

Sources

Etiology

Bacterial skin infections happen when bacteria enters through a break in the skin. Sometimes it can enter through your hair follicles. These small breaks can be a result from bug bites, burns, cuts and many more things. A simple cut does not necessarily mean you will develop a skin infection but, if you have a weak immune system from another condition, your chances are significantly higher.

Streptococcus

Bacteria can cause infections in two ways which are; entering the body and growing inside human cells impairing their functions or they can secrete toxins that damage cells (Lewis et al, 2019, P.287).

Straphylococcus

Impetigo

• Caused by Staphylococcus aureus (contagious for 10 days) or Streptococcus (contagious for 3 days)
• This causes sores and small blisters both yellow in colour most common on nose and mouth (Dhar, 2019)
• Colonizes and produces a toxin
• Skin-to-skin contact to spread
• Common in warm, humid areas
• Poor personal hygiene is a factor

Cellulitis

• Caused by Streptococcus and Staphylococcus bacteria
• Streptococci produces an enzyme that inhibits the ability of the tissue to stop the infection and spreads very quickly (Dhar, 2019)
• Staphylococci occurs on the outside of the skin around open wounds (Dhar, 2019)

population at risk

Impetigo

More common in children ages 2 to 5 years of age than in adults Commonly spread through close contact with family members Spread primarily from direct contact who has it, however it can also be spread from towel, toys Developed in adults from close contact with infected children (MedicineNet, 2020)

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cellulitis

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At increased risk individuals that smoke and poor circulation Is seen in diabetics, especially if poorly controlled Middle aged or older are at risk Also seen in the people who are obese and overweight Liver disease such as hepatitis and cirrhosis Skin diseases such as psoriasis, eczema. It is also caused by infectious diseases that causes sores, such as chicken pox

clinical Manifestation

There are two types

Non-bullous Impetigo

more common form caused by staph and strep Manifest as small red papule, more like an insect bite Evolve into small contagious blisters, that eventually forms pustules which then scabs over Often seen on the nose and face and less likely on the arms and legs Possibility of a swollen nontender lymph node nearby (MedicineNet, 2020)

Bullous Impetigo

caused only by staph Causes separation between top and bottom layer of the skin Forms bulla, that appears mostly on the buttocks and trunk Bullae contains clear yellowish fluid Develops dark crust during final stage (MedicineNet, 2020)

clinical Manifestation

Cellulitis

Often seen has red swollen and painful area on the skin Normally is warm and tender to touch Skin look pitted or may have blisters on affected area of the skin Sometimes may develop a fever and chill (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2020)

Prognosis

Impetigo

oral penicillin/topical antibiotics If not treated can cause glomerulonephritis. Hand hygiene is essential( Lewis et al, 2019, p.514)

25%

Cellulitis

treated with antibiotics, some people may develop skin abscesses, necrotic skin infections or bacteremia (Dhar, 2019).

Prognosis

Folliculitis

Can develop scaring if deep and loss of hair follicles (Lewis et al, 2019, p.514). Furuncle & Carbuncle- Treated with antibiotics and warm moisture compress.If untreated can be life threatening because of sepsis or diabetic ketoacidosis (Troxell, 2020)

SEPSIS

SCARING

Loss of hair follicles

Deabetic Ketoacidosis

Erysipelas

Treated with antibiotics( penicillin), hospitalization often required.If spreads into bloodstream and lymphatic system, local necrosis or abscess formation may occur (Morris, 2008).

References

• Advances in Skin & Wound Care (July-August, 2003). Cellulitis. https://journals.lww.com/aswcjournal/fulltext/2003/07000/cellulitis.15.aspx#:~:text=Uncommonly%2C%20fungal%20infections-,PATHOPHYSIOLOGY,tissue%20around%20the%20initial%20wound
• American Academy of Dermatology Association.(n.d.). Cellulitis. https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/cellulitis-causes
• Center for Disease Prevention. (2020. May 29). Cellulitis. https://www.cdc.gov/groupastrep/diseases-public/Cellulitis.htm
• Cleveland Clinic (n.d.). Staphylococcus infection https://health.clevelandclinic.org/staph-infections-what-are-they-and-when-should-you-worry/
• Dhar, A. Cellulitis - Skin Disorders. (2019, October). https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/skin-disorders/bacterial-skin-infections/cellulitis#:~:text=disorders%20are%20similar.-,Prognosis,through%20the%20blood%20(bacteremia).

• Dhar, A. (2019, October). Impetigo and Ecthyma - Skin Disorders. https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/skin-disorders/bacterial-skin-infections/impetigo-and-ecthyma
• Lisa, S, Lewis. MD. (2019, September 24). Impetigo. https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/965254-overview Lewis, Sharon L, Dirksen, Shannon Ruff, Heitkemper, Margaret M, Bucher, Linda, Barry, Maureen A, Goldsworthy, Sandra, … Tyerman, Jane. (2019). Medical-Surgical Nursing in Canada. (4th ed). Elsevier
• Medical Images (n.d.). Impetigo https://www.medicalimages.com/stock-photo-impetigo-a-skin-infection-caused-by-staphylococcus-aureus-or-group-a-beta-hemolytic-streptococcal-image22416359.html
• Morris, A. (2008, January 2). Cellulitis and erysipelas. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2907977/
• Naomi M. Nardi & Timothy J, Schaefer. (2020, November 21) Impetigo. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430974/#:~:text=Bullous%20impetigo%20begins%20with%20small,to%20become%20purulent%20or%20dark.
• Robert J.Hubert & Karin C. Vanmeter (2018, December 13). Gould's pathophysiology for the health professions. (6th ed.). Saunders. \Troxell, T. (2020, March 02). Carbuncle. https://europepmc.org/article/nbk/nbk554459