Modals

Modal verbs

INDEX

General info

1. Разрешение / запрет

1. Must

2. Have to/had to/need to

2. Долженствование

3. Should/ought to

4. Can

3. Возможность / Вероятность

5. Be able to

4. Предложение

6. May/might

Чем модальные отличаются от других

1. Модальные глаголы не изменяются по лицам (кроме have to), не принимают окончаний -s, -ing, -ed. 2. Модальные глаголы в предложении играют роль вспомогательного глагола 3. Как правило, не имеют времени. Смысловой глагол в форме инфинитива (Simple, Continuous, Perfect) берёт эту роль на себя

MUst

Долг правило Вероятность

had to

mustn't

must

для прошедшего времени используется глагол have to

запрет (правило, закон)

долг личное моральное обязательство правило высокая степень вероятности

must have V3

высокая степень вероятности в прошлом

We mustn't destroy coral reefs.

We must keep our planet clean. It's so beautiful - It must be a dream

You must've been on the other side - we didn't see you.

have to

Необходимость

had to / didn't have to

don't have to

have to

отсутствие необходимости

необходимость /отсутствие еобходимости в прошлом

необходимость

We had to show our diver's certificates when we arrived at the diving station.

To breathe underwater divers have to have scuba

You don't have to worry about your safety when you dive with an instructor.

Need to / needn't / need have done

как модальный глагол - необходимость по мнению говорящего.

To avoid disturbing marine animals with bubbles and noise divers need special equipmant called rebreathers.

didn't need to or needn't have done?

I needn't have done it - можно было не делать, а я сделал. I didn't need to do. - можно было не делать, я и не делал.

should

совет

should Have V3

shouldn't

should

Для передания прошедшести ипользуется перфектный инфинитив

совет не делать чего-либо.

рекомендация, совет вероятность

You shouldnt get too close to sharks

we should be grateful for the chance to see all this beauty There should be plenty of fish there

You shouldn't have touched it

shall?

просьба о совете

также ought to редко используется

shall I run away?

Способность

возможность

предложение

can

can

could / couldn't

can't

неумение / неспособность

умение / способность теоретическая возможность разрешение предложение

(не)способность в прошлом возможность ситуации предложение

Manatees can't swim fast.

could have V3

упущенная возможность

We couldn't see them in the water. They could be in a different place. Could we come to see them another time.

You could've seen a manatee if you had come with us to Florida's Aquarium last year.

Manatees can only live in coastal waters or rivers. Manatees can be called sea cows.

You can learn more about them in your free time. I can give you more information about them.

be able to

подменяет CAN в ,будущемCAN исп-ся в будущем, если ...

подменяет CAN в прошедшем

The water was so clear - I could see very far - общая возможность (мог, often - repeated action ) But I wasn't able to see that fish hiding in the corals - ситуативная возможность (смог, single action)

may

возможность

This is a paragraph of text waiting to be awesome content

may

might

may not / mightn't

возможность ситуации

разрешение возможность ситуации

отсутствие возможности

It may not be nice to touch

May I take photos here? Don't touch they may stinge.

Don't touch - they might stinge.

may / might have V3

возможно случилось

They might've stinged him when he tried to touch them. (they probably did)

разрешение / запрет

may / might

mustn't / can't / maynot

can / could

более формальное

could - более вежливое

May we use your equipment today? Yes, you may

Can we use your equipment today? Yes, you can.

You mustn't / can't dive without permission

in the past - wasn't allowed / couldn't in negative / was allowed in positive (B2)

He was allowed to film their dive. He wasn't allowed / couldn't film it.

Долженствование / необходимость

must

have to

ought to

've got to

долг личное моральное обязательство правило (had to in the past)

необходимость

рекомендация как стоит сделать

неформальное (B2)

To breathe underwater divers have to have scuba

You ought to say thank you.

We must keep our planet clean.

We've got to be off now.

need (to)

needed / didn't need to / needn't have done in the past) B2

Icebergs need being preserved - something needs doingWe need to preserve icebergs - someone needs to do

Вероятность

could 30%

should / ought to 90%

will 100%

can 50%

теоретическая вероятность

вероятность ситуации

предсказание

большая вероятность редко используется только для будущего

You will see.

Sea horses could be hiding in the coral reefs.

Manatees can be called sea cows

They should come soon.

С перфектным инфинитивом have been (кроме can & will)

may / might 10%

вероятность ситуации NB: may не используется в вопросах

% - intonation!

вероятность в прошлом.

They should've hidden when you tried to touch them.

Don't touch they may / might stinge

для большей выразительности используйте сочетания и интонацию

REALLY MUST must may well/might well may/might could could possibly coooooould pooooossibly can’t really can’t

а также It's likely She's highly likely to fail the task

логическое предположение

logic assumption

can't / couldn't 0%

must / can't have been

must 99%

уверенность (positive sentences)

уверенность (negative sentences)

предположение о прошлом.

it can't be real.

You must've been on the other side - we didn't see you. She can't have seen a shark! There weren't any.

These corals are so big - it must be growing fast.

предложение

can would shall could

we can go diving together/ Can i help you with your equipment? would you like to go diving with us? Shall we go diving? we Could go diving together

просьба (B2)

can could may might will

Can i use your equipment? could I use your equipment(polite) May I use your equipment (Formal)? Might I use your equipment (very formal) will you give me your equipment (friendly) would you mind giving me your equipment (polite)

совет (B2)

Ought to (ought to have)

had better (It would have been better)

Shall I

Should (Should have)

You'd better not touch it / It would have been better if you hadn't touched it (Conditional 3)

Shall I keep away from it?

You should've paid more attention to it.

критика (B2)

Could / Could have

ought to have / ought to

should have / should

You could've warned us.

говорящий уже сейчас, в настоящем планирует будущее действие I am free at the weekend, so the kids can come around.