PHILIPPINE PRESIDENTS (PPG)

PHILIPPINEPRESIDENTS

Emilio Aguinaldo

The Philippine revolutionary leader Emilio Aguinaldo (1869-1964) fought for independence of the Philippine Islands, first against Spain and then against the United States. Born on March 23, 1869, Emilio Aguinaldo grew up in Kawit in Cavite Province and was educated in Manila. Appointed to a municipal position in his home province, he was also the local leader of a revolutionary society fighting Spanish rule over the Philippines. By an agreement signed with rebel leaders in January 1898, Spain agreed to institute liberal reforms and to pay a large indemnity; the rebels then went into exile. When war broke out between Spain and the United States in April 1898, Aguinaldo made arrangements with the U.S. consuls in Hong Kong and Singapore and with Commodore George Dewey to return from exile to fight against Spain. On June 12 Aguinaldo proclaimed the independence of the Philippine Islands from Spain, hoisted the national flag, introduced a national anthem, and ordered a public reading of the declaration of independence.

When he realized that the United States would not accept immediate and complete independence for the Philippines, he organized a revolution against American rule that resulted in 3 years of bloody guerrilla warfare. He was captured on March 23, 1901, by Gen. Frederick Funston. Funston and several other officers, bound hand and foot, pretended to be prisoners and were taken to Aguinaldo's camp by Filipinos loyal to the United States. Released and given weapons, they easily captured Aguinaldo, who then took an oath of allegiance to the United States and issued a peace proclamation on April 19. The bitterness caused by the war was soon transformed into friendship as Americans and Filipinos joined to work toward Philippine independence. Aguinaldo retired to private life, and his son entered West Point in the same class as Gen. Funston's son. In 1935 Aguinaldo ran unsuccessfully for president of the Philippine Commonwealth against Manuel Quezon. After the Japanese invasion of the Philippines in 1941, he cooperated with the new rulers, even making a radio appeal for the surrender of the American and Filipino forces on Bataan. He was arrested as a collaborationist after the Americans returned but was later freed in a general amnesty. He explained his action by saying, "I was just remembering the fight I led. We were outnumbered, too, in constant retreat. I saw my own soldiers die without affecting future events. To me that seemed to be what was happening on Bataan, and it seemed like a good thing to stop." In 1950 he was named to the Council of State, an advisory body for the president, and in his later years he was chairman of a board which dispensed pensions to the remaining veterans of the revolution. He died in Manila on Feb. 6, 1964.

Emilio Aguinaldo led a revolutionary movement against the Spanish colonial government in the Philippines. He cooperated with the U.S. during the Spanish-American War but subsequently broke with the U.S. and led a guerrilla campaign against U.S. authorities during the Philippine-American War. In 1898, Emilio Aguinaldo achieved independence of the Philippines from Spain and was elected the first president of the new republic under the Malolos Congress. He also led the Philippine-American War against U.S. resistance to Philippine independence.

Manuel L. Quezon

Manuel Luis Quezon was born on August 19, 1878 in Baler, Tayabas (now Quezon), to Lucio Quezon, a native of Paco, Manila and Maria Dolores Molina.He studied law at the University of Sto. Tomas and passed the bar examinations in 1903. He became the fiscal of his home province and was soon elected governor.In the 1907 election, he ran for the Philippine Assembly under the Nacionalista Party, won by a large majority, and became the majority floor leader. In 1909, he was elected Resident Commissioner to Washington, D.C., a post he held until 1916. His most significant achievement was the passage of the Jones Act that provided for the grant of Philippine independence.He was elected senator in 1916 and eventually became Senate President. He headed the first Independence Mission to the U.S. Congress, and brought home the Tydings-McDuffie Independence Law in 1934.

Jose P. Laurel

Sergio Osmeña

Sergio Osmeña Sr. PLH was a Filipino politician who served as the fourth President of the Philippines from 1944 to 1946. He was Vice President under Manuel L. Quezon.

Born: 9 September 1878, Cebu City Died: 19 October 1961, Quezon City Education: University of Santo Tomas Children: Sergio Osmeña Jr. Spouse: Esperanza Osmeña (m. 1920–1961), Estefania Veloso (m. 1901–1918)

Manuel Roxas

Manuel Acuña Roxas was the fifth President of the Philippines who served from 1946 until his death in 1948.

Born: 1 January 1892, Roxas City Died: 15 April 1948, Clark Air Base Spouse: Trinidad Roxas (m. 1921–1948) Previous office: President of the Philippines (1946–1948) Education: UP College of Law (1913), The University of Manila, Manila High School Children: Gerardo Roxas, Ruby Roxas

Roxas served as the President of the Commonwealth of the Philippines in a brief period, from May 28, 1946 to July 4, 1946 during which time Roxas helped prepare the groundwork for an independent Philippines.

Elpidio Quirino

Elpidio Quirino y Rivera was a Philippine lawyer and politician who served as the sixth President of the Philippines from 1948 to 1953. A lawyer by profession, Quirino entered politics when he became a representative of Ilocos Sur from 1919 to 1925. He was then elected as senator from 1925 to 1931. Born: 16 November 1890, Vigan City Died: 29 February 1956, Quezon City Presidential term: 17 April 1948 – 30 December 1953 Spouse: Alicia Syquia (m. 1921–1945) Education: University of the Philippines Manila, Manila High School, University of the Philippines System, UP College of Law Children: Victoria Quirino-Gonzalez, Tomas Quirino, Armando Quirino, Fe Angela Quirino, Norma Quirino

Economy. Upon assuming the reins of government, Quirino announced two main objectives of his administration: first, the economic reconstruction of the nation and second, the restoration of the faith and confidence of the people in the government.

Ramon Magsaysay

Ramon del Fierro Magsaysay Sr. was a Filipino statesman who served as the seventh President of the Philippines, from December 30, 1953 until his death in an aircraft disaster. Born: 31 August 1907, Iba Died: 17 March 1957, Balamban Full name: Ramón del Fierro Magsaysay Presidential term: 30 December 1953 – 17 March 1957 Spouse: Luz Magsaysay (m. 1933–1957 ) Education: José Rizal University (1928–1932), University of the Philippines System

He led the foundation of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization, also known as the Manila Pact of 1954, that aimed to defeat communist-Marxist movements in South East Asia, South Asia and the Southwestern Pacific. During his term, he made Malacañang literally a "house of the people", opening its gates to the public.

Carlos P. Garcia

Carlos Polistico Garcia was a Filipino teacher, poet, orator, lawyer, public official, political economist, guerrilla, and Commonwealth military leader who was the eighth President of the Philippines. Born: 4 November 1896, Talibon Died: 14 June 1971, Quezon City Presidential term: 18 March 1957 – 30 December 1961 Spouse: Leonila Garcia (m. 1933–1971) Education: Philippine Law School (1923), Silliman University, National University-Manila, National University Parents: Policronio García, Ambrosia Polistico

At the time of President Magsaysay's sudden death on March 17, 1957, Garcia was heading the Philippine delegation to the SEATO conference then being held at Canberra, Australia. Having been immediately notified of the tragedy, Vice President Garcia enplaned back for Manila. Upon his arrival he directly repaired to Malacañang Palace to assume the duties of President. Chief Justice Ricardo Parás, of the Supreme Court, was at hand to administer the oath of office. President Garcia's first actions dealt with the declaration of a period of mourning for the whole nation and the burial ceremonies for the late Chief-Executive Magsaysay.After much discussion, both official and public, the Congress of the Philippines, finally, approved a bill outlawing the Communist Party of the Philippines. Despite the pressure exerted against the congressional measure, Garcia signed the said bill into law as Republic Act No. 1700 on June 19, 1957.Republic Act No. 1700 was superseded by Presidential Decree No. 885, entitled "Outlawing Subversive Organization, Penalizing Membership Therein and For Other Purposes." This was amended by Presidential Decree No. 1736, and later superseded by Presidential Decree No. 1835, entitled, "Codifying The Various Laws on Anti-Subversion and Increasing the Penalties for Membership in Subversive Organization." This, in turn, was amended by Presidential Decree No. 1975. On May 5, 1987, Executive Order No. 167 repealed Presidential Decrees No. 1835 and No. 1975 as being unduly restrictive of the constitutional right to form associations.On September 22, 1992, Republic Act No. 1700, as amended, was repealed by Republic Act No. 7636.

Diosdado P. Macapagal

Diosdado Pangan Macapagal Sr. GCrM was the ninth President of the Philippines, serving from 1961 to 1965, and the sixth Vice-President, serving from 1957 to 1961. He also served as a member of the House of Representatives, and headed the Constitutional Convention of 1970. Born: 28 September 1910, Lubao Died: 21 April 1997, Makati Medical Center, Makati Presidential term: 30 December 1961 – 30 December 1965 Education: UST Faculty of Civil Law (1957) Children: Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, Cielo Macapagal-Salgado, Arturo Macapagal, Diosdado Macapagal, Jr. Spouse: Eva Macapagal (m. 1946–1997), Purita de la Rosa (m. 1938–1943)

As President, Macapagal worked to suppress graft and corruption and to stimulate the Philippine economy. He introduced the country's first land reform law, placed the peso on the free currency exchange market, and liberalized foreign exchange and import controls

Ferdinand Marcos

Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralin Marcos Sr. was a Filipino politician and kleptocrat who served as the 10th President of the Philippines from 1965 to 1986. Born: 11 September 1917, Sarrat Died: 28 September 1989, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States Full name: Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralin Marcos Presidential term: 30 December 1965 – 25 February 1986 Children: Bongbong Marcos, Aimee Marcos, Imee Marcos, Irene Marcos Siblings: Pacifico Marcos, Fortuna Marcos-Barba, Elizabeth Marcos-Keon

In 1965, Ferdinand Marcos won the presidential election and became the 10th President of the Philippines. His first term was marked with increased industrialization and the creation of solid infrastructures nationwide, such as the North Luzon Expressway and the Maharlika Highway.

Corazon Aquino

Maria Corazon Cojuangco Aquino, popularly known as Cory Aquino, was a Filipino politician who served as the 11th President of the Philippines, becoming the first woman to hold that office. Born: 25 January 1933, Paniqui Died: 1 August 2009, Makati Medical Center, Makati Presidential term: 25 February 1986 – 30 June 1992 Spouse: Benigno S. Aquino Jr. (m. 1954–1983) Awards: Eleanor Roosevelt Award for Human Rights Education: Far Eastern University,

Corazon Aquino was the most prominent figure of the 1986 People Power Revolution, which ended the 20-year rule of President Ferdinand Marcos. She was named Time magazine's Woman of the Year in 1986. Prior to this, she had not held any elective office.

Fidel V. Ramos

Fidel Valdez Ramos GCMG, popularly known as FVR and Eddie, is a retired Filipino general and politician who served as the 12th President of the Philippines from 1992 to 1998. Born: 18 March 1928 (age 92 years), Lingayen Presidential term: 30 June 1992 – 30 June 1998 Spouse: Amelita Martinez Ramos (m. 1953) Awards: Korean Service Medal, Distinguished Conduct Star Education: Ateneo de Manila University (1980) Children: Jo Ramos, Cristina Ramos-Jalasco, Carolina Ramos-Sembrano, Gloria Ramos, Angelita Ramos-Jones

Ramos Administration spanned for six years from June 30, 1992 to June 30, 1998. At the time of his assumption into power, Fidel Ramos was the third oldest person following Sergio Osmeña to become President of the Philippines at the age of 64 . He is also the first Protestant President of the country and the only Filipino officer in history to have held every one hundred rank in the Philippine military from Second Lieutenant to Commander-in-Chief. The first few years of his administration (1992–1995) were characterized by economic boom, technological development, political stability and efficient delivery of basic needs to the people. During his time, he advocated party platforms as outline and agenda for governance. As in his case, he was the first Christian Democrat to be elected in the country, being the founder of Lakas-CMD (Christian-Muslim Democrats Party). He was one of the most influential leaders and the unofficial spokesman of liberal democracy in Asia.

Joseph Ejercito Estrada

Joseph Ejercito Estrada, also known by the nickname Erap, is a Filipino politician and former actor who served as the 13th President of the Philippines from 1998 to 2001, 9th Vice President of the Philippines from 1992 to 1998, and the 26th Mayor of the City of Manila, the country's capital, from 2013 to 2019. Born: 19 April 1937 (age 83 years), Tondo Spouse: Loi Ejercito (m. 1959) Presidential term: 30 June 1998 – 20 January 2001 Children: Jake Ejercito, Jinggoy Estrada, JV Ejercito, Jerika Ejercito, Jacob Ejercito, Jackie Ejercito, Jojo Ejercito, Jude Ejercit o Movies: Kumander Alibasbas, Ito Ang Pilipino Awards: FAMAS Award for Best Actor

Anti-crime Task Forces. In 1998, by virtue of Executive Order No. 8, President Estrada created the Presidential Anti-Organized Crime Task Force (PAOCTF) with the objective of minimizing, if not totally eradicating, car theft and worsening kidnapping cases in the country.

Gloria Macapagal Arroyo

Maria Gloria Macaraeg Macapagal Arroyo, popularly known as GMA, is a Filipino academic and politician who served as the 14th president of the Philippines from 2001 until 2010. Born: 5 April 1947 (age 73 years), Lubao Presidential term: 20 January 2001 – 30 June 2010 Spouse: Jose Miguel Arroyo (m. 1968) Awards: Order of the Star of Romania Education: University of the Philippines Diliman (1985) Previous offices: Deputy Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines (2016–2017)

As a legislator, Arroyo filed over 400 bills and authored or sponsored 55 laws during her tenure as senator, including the Anti-Sexual Harassment Law, the Indigenous People's Rights Law, and the Export Development Act.

Benigno Aquino III

Benigno Simeon Cojuangco Aquino III, also known as "PNoy" or "Noynoy", is a Filipino politician who served as the 15th president of the Philippines from 2010 until 2016. Aquino is a fourth-generation politician and was the chairman of the Liberal Party from 2010 to 2016. Born: 8 February 1960 (age 60 years), Manila Full name: Benigno Simeon Cojuangco Aquino III Presidential term: 30 June 2010 – 30 June 2016 Awards: Gold Standard Award for Political Communications Siblings: Kris Aquino, Victoria Elisa Aquino-Dee, Ballsy Aquino-Cruz, Pinky Aquino-Abellada Previous offices: Secretary of the Interior and Local Government (2010–2010)

During Aquino's first State of the Nation Address (SONA), Aquino announced his intention to reform the education system in the Philippines by shifting to K–12 education, a 12-year basic education cycle. K–12 education is used in the United States, Canada, and Australia.

Rodrigo Duterte

Rodrigo Roa Duterte, also known as Digong and Rody, is a Filipino politician who is the current president of the Philippines and the first from Mindanao to hold the office. He is the chairperson of PDP–Laban, the ruling political party in the Philippines. Born: 28 March 1945 (age 75 years), Maasin City Full name: Rodrigo Roa Duterte Presidential term: 30 June 2016 – Education: San Beda College of Law (1968–1972) Spouse: Elizabeth Zimmerman (m. 1973–2000), Honeylet Avanceña Children: Sara Duterte, Veronica A. Duterte, Sebastian Z. Duterte, Paolo Duterte

Duterte started a nationwide campaign to rid the country of crime, and corruption, and illegal drugs. The war on drugs saw about 6,600 persons linked to the illegal drug trade killed as of July 2019. Duterte campaigned to restore the death penalty in the Philippines.