timeline anthropo 1

TIMELINE ANTHROPOLOGY

ISLAMIC MEDICINE (Early MA)

• Ali Abbas: Royal book: covered the entire spectrum of arabic med (1 chapter on teeth), relied to prevent odontalgia on cautery with red hot needle, 4 hands technics, dentistry was practiced on the floor
• Abulcasis: greatesr physician of the western caliphate. he described hundred surgical instruments. 1st imporant oral surgeon. Calculus on the teeth was the main cause of periodontal disease, instructions to scale teeth, importznce of protectif adjacent structures, ligation of loosen teeht, oral hygiene, methodo of extraction
• Avicenna: 1) importance to keep the teeth clear 2) Cause of tooth ache: mention of the tooth worm: fulmigation prescribed 3) Reduce the height of a elongated tooth: use of a file (to make the 2 teeth at the same length) 4) Use of arsenic for fistulad fuls ulcers of the gums 5) Ttt of fractures of the jaws: verify the proper occlusion of the teeth

5000-3000 BC: EGYPTIANS

510 BC-476: ROME

• Extraction was the principal remedy
• Coarse diet = cause of dental disease
• Prevalence of malocclusion
• NO oral hygiene
• A lot of severe accretion of tartar with periodontal breakdown and bone loss
• Loosen tooth was bounded to its neighbour postmortem

• Dentistry included among the medical practice, very influenced by Greek medicine
• Tenaculum: described by Celsus -> extraction of the roots of the tooth
• High regard on oral hygiene: tooth-cleaning powder, dentifricum made of bones, eggshels...
• Ttt for toothache: hot or steam application, mouth rinse, laxatives and purgatives
• Galen practice in Rome

3500-3000 BC: MESOPOTAMIA

• Magical or religious medicine
• Practice derived from the cuneiform scripts on clay tablets
• Remedy for grinding teeth (skull)
• Appearance of the tooth worm theory: cause of caries

Late M-A: XIII-XVI centuries

Early M-A: V-XII centuries

• No clinical teaching, no dissection until the XIV century
• XIV century: medical faculties undertook dissection
• Diagnosis was only based on the patient's mine, no observation of the patient

• Paul of Agina (VIIe): summarized the basic medical knowledge of the ancients, 1st to write the need to scale the teeth to remove tartar. Most important time to clean the mouth is after the last meal of the day.
• Christian control of thoughts and learnings
• Tooth extraction was avoided
• Changes in medieval thought and practice took place in Salerno
• During X century: independent medicine schoolsEdict of the council of Tours
• Surgery was separated and inferior to medicine

500-323 BC: ANCIENT GREECE

1220-300BC: PHOENICIANS

• Rational medicine: Hipocratic method
• Humoral theory by Hippocratis
• Priestly medicine: worship of Asclepius
• Extraction only when a tooth was lost
• Otontagra

• Prosthetic appliance: 400 BC -> Natural lower teeth holding between them 2 carved ivory teeth that replaed 2 missing incisors: the artificial teeth were bound to the neighboring teeth by strands of gold wire

Suscipit lobortis nisl ut aliquip ex ea comodo

Renaissance

Renaisance in Spain

Late M-A: Rise of surgery

• Leonardo Da Vinci studied and drew every part of the body: skull in detail, decribed maxillary sinus 150 years before Highmore, descibed the effect of loosing a tooth -> changes in shape of the face.
• Andrea Vesalius, German anatomist: De humanis corporis fabrica, dissections and autopsies, not agree with Galen maintaining that teeth are not bone, but agree with Galenn beleiving that teeth continue to grow during a person lifetime.
• Vesalius sccessors: Colombo who discovered follicles of teeth, and Fallopio in XVI century discovered the trigeminal nerve
• Eustachius: Formation of teeth, their blood supply and the pulp chamber. Function of each ttoth: shape/function

• Monk medical ttt
• Barbers became in charge of surgery
• Guild of barbers in France in 1210 dived into 2 groups: surgeons "on the long robe" and lay barbers "barber-surgeon"

• Profession of surgery < medicine and separated
• Regulation by los Reyes Catolicos: barbers had yo passs an exam to dental practice
• Bad practice by the barbers
• Francisco Marticnez de Castrillo: "Discussion about mouth and teeth". 4 sections for his work:

1. Concept of toothand function of the teeth
2. Oral diseases in different periods: before teeth eruption, primary dentition and permanent(caries, calculs)
3. Oral diseases: possible tooth worm?
4. Pharmacology and importance of oral health. Mouthwashes and powder to maintain teeth clean
5. Dental instrument to scale teeth/surgery

XVII century in Europe:

Guy de Chauliac:

Advances in surgery

• Most important figure in the field of surgery during XIV-XV centuries
• Studied medicine in Toulouse and Bologna
• Anatomy and eruption of the teeth (permanent teeth)
• Corresion or looseness (of bone)
• Universal ttt: use of purgatives, letting blood from the cephalic vein under the tongue, rules of hygiene
• Particular ttt: washing carious teeth with decoction of wine and mint, pepper...
• Dental extraction: double-lever pelican
• Contrary to Abulcasis who was against dental extraction

Scientific discoveries:- Ciculation of blod bu William Harvey in 1628 -Anatomy by Govert Bidloo: "The Anatomia" in 1685, drawings of human body -Comparative Anatomy by Edward Tyson: body structures of diff species of animals -Histology by Marcello Malpighi -Microscope by Van Leenwenholk: tubules in dentin, microorganisms in the materia alba Practice of dentistry in marketplaces, quacks and charlatans abounded (Le grand Thomas). Dentistry has to wait ot next c. to become a real science

Ambroise Paré in XVI c.:-Reimplanted teeth accidentally avulsed, binding them to firm teeth with wire. -Instryment to extract teeth -Plantar obturator

Advances in paharmaco

Paracelsus improved the pharmaceutical remedies with valuable drugs from America

John Hunter

XVIII century:

XX Century

• France: Most civilized/cultured of Europe, Regulation law tor egulate the practice of dentistry, Denal practicioners
• Germany: Regulation rarely enforced because difficult to change the society

He correctly:-Disapproved extracting primary teeth -Maintained that teeth don't grow throughout a lifetime He incorrectly: -Recommended to sacrifice 1M permanent if insufficient room -Explained that caries proceed from whithin a tooth outward. ->Artificial replacement for missing teeth(shell, ivory, bone, teeth from dead person) ->Transplanting teeth of living human in another human -> Disappearrance tooth transplantation: repeated failures, risk of trasnmitting diseases, porcelain teeth

• Alfred C. Fones: Assistant in dentistry. Raised the profession of dental hygienist yo an important position, and office assistant prophylactic work for the children.

Advances in restorative dentistry

• New material for filling teeth
• Curde amalgam called "royal mineral succedaneum
• Silver cut from caries + Mercury
• Discovery of anesthetics

Fluoride:

1. Helps to build a stronger enamel
2. Stops the tooth decay process
3. Prevent loss of minerals from the tooth

-No excessive consumption-Balance to decrease dental decay -Net appaerance of dental fluorosis and mottled enamel

Pierre Fauchard

Specialties

Father of modern dentistry1723 - "Le Chirurgien Dentiste": the book covers entire fields of dentistry: -Dental anatomy and morphology -Cause and prevention of tooth decay -Teeth pbs -Prosthetic dentistry -Periodontal disease and preventive dentistry -Dignity to dentist's office -Patient not sitting on the floor: harmchair -Invented the nam "surgeon-dentist"

XIX century:

• Oral surgery
• Orthodontics
• Periodontics
• Pedodontics
• Prosthodontics
• Dental public health and preventivedentistry
• Endodontics

• Leadership to USA: personal advancement and voluntary gain
• John Greenwood: Capable practicioner and ahead of this time, regularly cleaning the teeth, regular removar tartar
• Josiah Flagg: Oral surgery and construction of the 1st dental chair in 1790

Green Vardiman Black

Rules of cavity preparation and fillings