The Fundamentals of ASSESSMENT in Education
Assessment & Constructive Alignment
Analysing & Evaluating assessment data
What is assessment, etc.?
Types of assessment
Assessment instruments
How does assessment relate to testing, measurement, and evaluation?
How can assessment be categorised?
How LO, T&L activities & assessment are said to be constructively aligned?
What are the instruments to do assessment?
How to analyse and evaluate assessment data?
Uses of assessment results
Credit
Assoc. Prof. Dr Nurulhuda Abd Rahman
What do you do with assessment results?
2021 NURULHUDA A.R.
Assessment, Testing, Measurement, & Evaluation
Definitions and relationship
TESTING
MEASUREMENT
The process of collecting data or information on what students know and/or able to do by giving a test in a fairly controlled situation so as to assist in decision making
The process of applying a standard scale or a measuring tool to an object, event or situation (the process of converting data into numerals)
Assessment
The process of COLLECTING DATA or information on what students know, able to do and/or their values/dispositions with a PURPOSE so as to assist in DECISION MAKING
rELATIONSHIP
EVALUATION
How does the four concepts relate to each other?
The process of comparing data to a set of criteria and a standard for the purpose of judging the worth or quality
Relationship between assessment, testing, measurement, & evaluation
Assessment is the process of collecting data/information to assist in decision making. Testing is an assessment method that uses a test to collect data. Measurement quantifies and standardises the collected data. Evaluation is the process of judging the quality of the collected data either the standardised quantitative data from measurement (e.g. data from testing) or any data collected directly from assessment (e.g. data from verbal questioning).
After the data was evaluated the process goes back to assessment whereby an informed decision can now be made.
according to the purpose of assessment
Types of Assessment
formative assessment
summative assessment
assessment of learning
assessment for learning
assessment as learning
written reports
performance
testing
metacognition
Q&A
diagnostic
presentation
reflection
alternative category
according to the format of assessment
Types of Assessment
alternative assessment
traditional assessment
pERFORMANCE test
paper & pencil test
PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT
project work
playing An instrument
teaching practice
concert
examination
Quiz
process
product
oral test
Note: If the PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT tasks are similar to or closely resemble tasks that are performed in the context of the related profession, then it is also known as authentic assessment.
Constructive Alignment between LO, T&L activities, and Assessment
"Develop a lesson plan that is based on the STEM approach for the topic Specific Heat Capacity"
Learning outcome
By producing a lesson plan, the teacher can determine whether students are able to achieve the LO and at the same time, doing the lesson plan assists students in attaining the LO.
By lecturing interactively, students gain knowledge on the concept of the STEM approach, and by having a hands-on activity developing the lesson plan, students are guided towards achievening the LO.
constructive alignment
"Interactive lecture on the STEM approach and developing a STEM approach lesson plan"
"A lesson plan that is based on the STEM approach"
T&L activities
assessment
example
Constructive Alignment between LO, T&L activities, and Assessment
"Experiment to determine the relationship between the pressure of gas with fixed mass enclosed in a container and its volume"
Learning outcome
By producing a lab report, the teacher is able to determine whether students know what is involved in experimenting and with the added observation during the experiment, the teacher can also assess the process of experimenting
By doing an experiment, students learn by doing and is aligned to the intended LO
constructive alignment
"Doing an experiment to determine the relation between pressure of gas with fixed mass enclosed in a container and its volume"
"A lab report based on the experiment done and/or An observation on the process of doing the experiment"
assessment
T&L activities
Assessment Instruments
test
Usually refers to a collection of written items that have correct answers or a set of instructions for performance tests
checklist
An assessment tool that shows the presence or the absence of certain attributes
rating scale
An assessment tool that shows the level of quality or frequency of the attributes
rubric
An assessment tool that has descriptions for each of the level of frequency or quality.
rubric
Quantitative data analyses
Analysing assessment data
variability
descriptive analyses
standard deviation
range
central tendency
quartile
frequency/percentage
uses min & max values
mean, median, mode
exclude min & max values
percentage
counts
uses all data
Qualitative
QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS
Analysing assessment data
Content analysis: Analysis of content in written responses, presentations, interview, audio and video recording by categorising, summarising and tabulating data.
EVALUATING ASSESSMENT DATA
Compare measured data to a standard
e.g 80-100% is an excellent performance
Compare collected data to a set of criteria
e.g. 1: compare qualitative data to a set of criteria in a rubric e.g. 2: compare students verbal answers to what the teacher has in mind
Uses of assessment results
references
Feedback: Informing and judging students' past performance Feedforward: Informing and focusing on students development in the future
"Dump the Past, Embrace the Future, and Lead the Way to Change" (Hirsch, 2017)
inform outcome attainment
feedback & feedforward FOR learners
feedback & feedforward for lesson delivery
feedback & feedforward For schools
Inform teachers and parents the performance of each student in the class
Inform students about their performance, strengths, weaknesses and feedforwards inform actions to be taken to improve overall learning
Inform teachers on the effectiveness of the delivery methods, the appropriateness of the assesment method and learning outcomes and what needs to done to improve
Inform administrator on the competency of teachers, adequacy of povisions of facilities/infrastructure/ teacher development program, etc.
References
- Biggs, J.B. (2003). Teaching for quality learning at university. Buckingham: Open University Press/Society for Research into
Higher Education. (Second edition)
- Hirsch, J. (2017) The Feedback Fix: Dump the Past, Embrace the Future, and Lead the Way to Change. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers
Fundamentals of Assessment in Education
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Transcript
The Fundamentals of ASSESSMENT in Education
Assessment & Constructive Alignment
Analysing & Evaluating assessment data
What is assessment, etc.?
Types of assessment
Assessment instruments
How does assessment relate to testing, measurement, and evaluation?
How can assessment be categorised?
How LO, T&L activities & assessment are said to be constructively aligned?
What are the instruments to do assessment?
How to analyse and evaluate assessment data?
Uses of assessment results
Credit
Assoc. Prof. Dr Nurulhuda Abd Rahman
What do you do with assessment results?
2021 NURULHUDA A.R.
Assessment, Testing, Measurement, & Evaluation
Definitions and relationship
TESTING
MEASUREMENT
The process of collecting data or information on what students know and/or able to do by giving a test in a fairly controlled situation so as to assist in decision making
The process of applying a standard scale or a measuring tool to an object, event or situation (the process of converting data into numerals)
Assessment
The process of COLLECTING DATA or information on what students know, able to do and/or their values/dispositions with a PURPOSE so as to assist in DECISION MAKING
rELATIONSHIP
EVALUATION
How does the four concepts relate to each other?
The process of comparing data to a set of criteria and a standard for the purpose of judging the worth or quality
Relationship between assessment, testing, measurement, & evaluation
Assessment is the process of collecting data/information to assist in decision making. Testing is an assessment method that uses a test to collect data. Measurement quantifies and standardises the collected data. Evaluation is the process of judging the quality of the collected data either the standardised quantitative data from measurement (e.g. data from testing) or any data collected directly from assessment (e.g. data from verbal questioning). After the data was evaluated the process goes back to assessment whereby an informed decision can now be made.
according to the purpose of assessment
Types of Assessment
formative assessment
summative assessment
assessment of learning
assessment for learning
assessment as learning
written reports
performance
testing
metacognition
Q&A
diagnostic
presentation
reflection
alternative category
according to the format of assessment
Types of Assessment
alternative assessment
traditional assessment
pERFORMANCE test
paper & pencil test
PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT
project work
playing An instrument
teaching practice
concert
examination
Quiz
process
product
oral test
Note: If the PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT tasks are similar to or closely resemble tasks that are performed in the context of the related profession, then it is also known as authentic assessment.
Constructive Alignment between LO, T&L activities, and Assessment
"Develop a lesson plan that is based on the STEM approach for the topic Specific Heat Capacity"
Learning outcome
By producing a lesson plan, the teacher can determine whether students are able to achieve the LO and at the same time, doing the lesson plan assists students in attaining the LO.
By lecturing interactively, students gain knowledge on the concept of the STEM approach, and by having a hands-on activity developing the lesson plan, students are guided towards achievening the LO.
constructive alignment
"Interactive lecture on the STEM approach and developing a STEM approach lesson plan"
"A lesson plan that is based on the STEM approach"
T&L activities
assessment
example
Constructive Alignment between LO, T&L activities, and Assessment
"Experiment to determine the relationship between the pressure of gas with fixed mass enclosed in a container and its volume"
Learning outcome
By producing a lab report, the teacher is able to determine whether students know what is involved in experimenting and with the added observation during the experiment, the teacher can also assess the process of experimenting
By doing an experiment, students learn by doing and is aligned to the intended LO
constructive alignment
"Doing an experiment to determine the relation between pressure of gas with fixed mass enclosed in a container and its volume"
"A lab report based on the experiment done and/or An observation on the process of doing the experiment"
assessment
T&L activities
Assessment Instruments
test
Usually refers to a collection of written items that have correct answers or a set of instructions for performance tests
checklist
An assessment tool that shows the presence or the absence of certain attributes
rating scale
An assessment tool that shows the level of quality or frequency of the attributes
rubric
An assessment tool that has descriptions for each of the level of frequency or quality.
rubric
Quantitative data analyses
Analysing assessment data
variability
descriptive analyses
standard deviation
range
central tendency
quartile
frequency/percentage
uses min & max values
mean, median, mode
exclude min & max values
percentage
counts
uses all data
Qualitative
QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS
Analysing assessment data
Content analysis: Analysis of content in written responses, presentations, interview, audio and video recording by categorising, summarising and tabulating data.
EVALUATING ASSESSMENT DATA
Compare measured data to a standard
e.g 80-100% is an excellent performance
Compare collected data to a set of criteria
e.g. 1: compare qualitative data to a set of criteria in a rubric e.g. 2: compare students verbal answers to what the teacher has in mind
Uses of assessment results
references
Feedback: Informing and judging students' past performance Feedforward: Informing and focusing on students development in the future
"Dump the Past, Embrace the Future, and Lead the Way to Change" (Hirsch, 2017)
inform outcome attainment
feedback & feedforward FOR learners
feedback & feedforward for lesson delivery
feedback & feedforward For schools
Inform teachers and parents the performance of each student in the class
Inform students about their performance, strengths, weaknesses and feedforwards inform actions to be taken to improve overall learning
Inform teachers on the effectiveness of the delivery methods, the appropriateness of the assesment method and learning outcomes and what needs to done to improve
Inform administrator on the competency of teachers, adequacy of povisions of facilities/infrastructure/ teacher development program, etc.
References