Islamic world contributions

Islamic World contributions to Medieval Europe

by Naima and Marla

Content

1. Situation in Europe and the caliphats ( religion)

2. Sciences in the islamic world

3. Healthcare in the muslim countries

4. Education in Islam

5. Contributions of medieval middle-eastern countries

6. Sources

Situation:arabic caliphatsandEurope

religious aspects

Islam under the Caliphs

Christianity in Europe

• scientific research is supported by the "government" and is demanded by the Islam (Koran/Allah)

• Science accepted if it supports the facts given by the Bible, everything else is heresy (Ketzerei)

„Strebt nach Wissen von der Wiege bis zum Grab.“ - Muhammad (saw) „Sich Wissen anzueignen, ist die Pflicht jeden Muslims.“ (Ibni Mâdscha, Mukaddima, 17) Sure 8,24: "Siehe, die schlimmsten Tiere für Gott sind jene, die taub und stumm sind und nicht hinterfragen."

→ witch hunts → no autopsies, dissections → only geocentrical model

Islamic contributions in...

Mathematics

Astronomy

Biology

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--sura 16, verse 12:"For you (God) subjected the night and the day, the sun and the moon; the stars are in subjection to His Command. Verily in this are signs for people who are wise."

Astronomy

• documented constellation of stars
• predicting events affecting human life (Ramadan, Prayer)
• devised intruments, which improved ability to make observations
• created models , representing movement of sun and moon
• translated and exposed weaknesses in alredy existing systems

We see you oft turning your face towards the sky; now We are turning you to the direction that will satisfy you. Turn your face towards the Holy Mosque, and wherever you are, turn your faces towards it .

sura al baqahra

Mathematics

• major imporments in Algebra, Geometry, Trigonometry
• improved intruments of navigation ( to find direction of kaaba in Mecca)
• e.g introduced use of decimals
• discovered all the diffeferent forms of symetry on a 2-dimensional surface
• continued and improved already existing investigations

No. 6, Verse No 38, that… ‘We have created every living animal that lives on the earth and every bird that flies on the wings in the air, to live in communities like you’.

Biology

• Kitab al-Hayawan , book of detailed description of 350 animals ( one of most important works in history of biology)
• Research improving farming techniques
• Studied and documented over 600 plant species
• Developed knowledge of medical plants

Healthcare improvements

bimaristans

• divided into sections
• certified physicians
• accessable for all classes (money)
• open all day

healthcare

pharmacies

first aid centres

medical accessability

muslim scholars divided pharmatology from medicine developed chemical techniques:

at big gatherings (e.g. friday prayers)

sponsored medical facilitiesphysicians for remote communities.

for emergencies

• distillation
• condensation
• pulverization

Hygiene

hygiene was widespread by the rise of the Islam and its rite washings:

• Ghusl
• Wudū'

regular sanitary inspections

"The seeking of knowledge is obligatory for every Muslim." - Al-Tirmidhi, 74

Education

• Education would start a very young age ( attached to mosque)
• Education focused on memorization
• Advanced students participate in readers in writers
• Individual relationship between students and teachers
• Madrasas were similar to universities
• Pmadrasas offered students to study law, medicine and mathematics

contributions to Europe

• "canon of medicine" by Ibn Sina/Avicenna
• collected scientific, social, technical knowledge

standard medical textbook in Europe

translation to one single language

• distribution and improvement of the production of the chinese invention paper

• setting standards in healthcare

• implementation of inventions like the compass

• laid the foundations for european researchers

Sources

1. https://www.history.com 2. https://en.wikipedia.org3. https://www.ditib.de/4. https://quran.com/2/144?5. https://www.storyofmathematics.com/islamic.html6. https://explorable.com/islamic-scholars-and-biology7. https://ballandalus.wordpress.com/2016/03/09/20

Thank you for listening :)