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So and Such

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We often use 'so' and 'such' to mean 'very' or 'really'. It makes the sentence stronger and shows that there is a high level of something. We use 'so' before an adjective or adverb (without a noun). She was so beautiful (= she was very beautiful). He ran so quickly (= he ran very quickly). The food was so delicious (= the food was really delicious). The children spoke French so well (= the children spoke French very well).

We use 'such' before a noun or an adjective + a noun. If there is 'a' or 'an', it goes after 'such'. She was such a beautiful woman (= she was a very beautiful woman). NOT: 'she was a so beautiful woman'. NOT: 'she was a such beautiful woman'. He got such a good time in the race (= he got a very good time in the race). It was such delicious food (= it was really delicious food). The children spoke such good French (= the children spoke really good French). When we use 'such' directly with a noun, it's often a noun that shows our opinion. He's such a genius! (= he's a real genius / he's very clever). You're such a teacher! (= you act in a typical way for a teacher).

We don't use a word like 'this' or 'those' or 'your' or 'his' before 'so' and 'such'. 'So' and 'such' come directly after the verb. NOT: This so beautiful city. (Instead say 'this city is so beautiful'.) NOT: Your so helpful friend. (Instead say 'your friend is so helpful'.) We can use 'so... that...' and 'such... that...' to show that there is a certain result. (We can't use 'very' or 'really' in this way.) It was so cold that the pond froze (= because it was very cold, the pond froze). She felt so tired that she fell asleep on the train (= because she was very tired, she fell asleep on the train). It was such an expensive meal that he didn't spend any money for the rest of the month (= because it was a very expensive meal, he didn't spend any money for the rest of the month). They have such a lot of books that they need to store some of them in the garage (= because they have really a lot of books, they need to store some of them in the garage).

We can drop 'that' when we use 'so' and 'such' in this way. It was so cold the pond froze. She felt so tired she fell asleep on the train. It was such an expensive meal he didn't spend any money for the rest of the month. They have such a lot of books they need to store some of them in the garage! We can use 'so' and 'such' to mean 'to this level' or 'as ... as this'. He isn't usually so late (= he isn't usually as late as this). I don't often drink such a lot of coffee (= I don't often drink as much coffee as this).

We use 'so' before 'much / many / little / few' with and without a noun. This shows that the amount is really a lot or really little. As usual, we use a plural noun after 'many' and 'few' and an uncountable noun after 'much' and 'little'. I ate so much. I ate so much cake. He had so many. He had so many books. Why did you eat so little? He had so few friends that he was very lonely. We can use 'such' before 'a lot (of)'. Again, such comes before 'a'. (We sometimes see 'such a little + noun' but that is when 'little' is just a normal adjective: 'this is such a little flat'.) He has such a lot of books. I ate such a lot of cake.

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Other Uses of So and Such

Here are a few more idiomatic uses of 'such' and 'so' that are slightly different from what we have already seen. Such + noun = a certain type or kind of (this is quite formal) I'd never heard such music before. (= I'd never heard this kind of music before.) No such + noun = the noun doesn't exist Ghosts? There's no such thing! As such (formal) = in the normal meaning of the word. We usually use this in the negative ('not as such') We're not going to have dinner as such, but there will be plenty of snacks. (= we're not going to have a normal dinner, but ...) A: Is Lucy your boss now? B: Not as such (= not exactly) but she does work for the same company.

Such as = for example / like A: We should get a film for tonight. B: Such as? (= please give an example of a film) Cities such as London are becoming more powerful politically (= cities like London ...). And such / and so on = and more similar things He likes winter sports – snowboarding and skiing and such. He likes winter sports – snowboarding and skiing and so on. So = a certain amount / size It was so big (= it was the size I'm showing you with my hands). There's only so much time (there's only a certain amount of time).

So = something that has already been said A: Is dinner ready? B: I hope so (= I hope that dinner is ready) Is that so? (= is that right?) Or so = approximately I think there were fifty people or so at the party (= I think there were approximately fifty people at the party).

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Too and Enough

Too and enough indicate degree. They modify adjectives, adverbs, and nouns. Too means more than what is needed. Enough means sufficient. Examples He is too old to play football with the kids. Dave is intelligent enough to do theright thing. You're not working fast enough I don't have enough time. He has too many friends. She has got too much patience

Use of too and enough 1.Enough comes after adjectives and adverbs: ADJECTIVE + ENOUGH or ADVERB + ENOUGH Examples: He isn't old enough to watch this program. We're not walking quickly enough.

2.Enough may also precede nouns: ENOUGH + NOUN Examples: We have enough money . I have not got enough money to buy this computer. 3.Too comes before adjectives and adverbs:

3.Too comes before adjectives and adverbs: TOO + ADJECTIVES or TOO + ADVERBS Examples: It's too hot to wear that coat. I was driving too fast.

4. Too may also come before nouns when it is used with the expressions too much and too many. a. Too much is used before uncountable nouns. TOO MUCH + UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS Example: There is too much salt in this food. b. Too many is used before countable nouns TOO MANY + COUNTABLE NOUNS Example: There are too many students in this classroom.

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As and like

As 1: 'As' can mean 'because'. As it was raining, we stayed at home. 2: 'As' can mean 'while' or 'at the same time': As I was walking down the street, I saw Julie. 3: We can use 'as' to talk about the way one thing is similar to another thing. In this case too, 'as' is a conjunction and needs to be followed by a subject and a verb or by a prepositional phrase. Sometimes we invert the subject and the verb in a formal style. John loves spicy food, as I do (or 'as do I', more formally).

4: We need to use 'as' with expressions like 'as much as' and by 'as adjective as'. This is also talking about similarity. These expressions can be followed by a subject and a verb or a noun or preposition. John loves spicy food as much as I do. Lucy travels as much as me. She's as clever as her sister is. London's not as big as Mexico City.

5: 'As' can be used with a noun to show someone's position. This is especially common with jobs. In a similar way, 'as' can also be used to show something's function (what we are using it for). It must be followed by a noun. She works as a teacher. Don't use the knife as a screwdriver. Watch out! You can't use 'like' for someone's real job. You need to use 'as'. I work like a waitress.

Like 1: 'Like' can be used to give examples. It means the same as 'for example' and is usually followed by nouns or pronouns. I love big cats, like lions. Western European countries like France and Spain have high unemployment at the moment. 2: We can also use 'like' to talk about how one thing is similar to another thing. Here 'like' is a preposition and is followed by a noun or a pronoun. John loves spicy food, like me. Tokyo is a busy and exciting city, like London.

2: We can also use 'like' to talk about how one thing is similar to another thing. Here 'like' is a preposition and is followed by a noun or a pronoun. John loves spicy food, like me. Tokyo is a busy and exciting city, like London. When we're talking about how things are similar, we often use 'like' with verbs such as 'look', 'sound' and 'smell'. She looks like her mother. It looks like rain. That sounds like a car. The kitchen smells like lemons. Traditionally, 'like' needed to be followed by a noun. However, in modern English, we often use 'like' as a conjunction and so it is followed by a subject and a verb. Some people think this is not correct, but it's very common. John loves spicy food, like I do.

Often, we can use both 'as' and 'like' to talk about similarity. I love coffee, like Julie / I love coffee, like Julie does. I love coffee, as Julie does. We need to follow 'as' with a clause (a subject and a verb). When we use 'as' for similarity, it's not followed by a noun or pronoun. I love coffee, as Julie. However, when we use 'as' to mean a role or job (it's followed by a noun in this case), then we can't use 'like'. Instead, 'like' is talking about similarity. As your mother, I'm telling you not to go out now. (I am your mother and I am telling you this in my role as your mother.) Like your mother, I'm telling you not to go out now. (I'm not your mother, but I am telling you the same thing as she is. I am acting in a similar way to your mother.)

Here's another example. She works as the manager (= she is the manager). She works like the manager (= she isn't the manager, but she works in a similar way to the manager).

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too and enough

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so and such

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As and like

Grammar Practice Form adjectives from the following verbs/ nouns: forget boast hesitate attract glory economy flex red style friend adore response accept Egypt

2. Adjectives in English formed with prefixes: A prefix is a particle we add in front of a word, usually to express negative meaning: un– (unlucky) in– (invincible) il– (illegal) dis– (disproportional) ir– (irrelevant) im– (improper) Other prefixes modify the meaning of the word but do not form negative meaning: pre– (pre-emptive) hyper– (hyperactive)

Grammar PracticeForm negative adjectives from the following nouns/ verbs: agree imagine bear revoke manage response human cook

Formation Of Adjectives 1. English adjectives formed with suffixes: The most common way to form an adjective in English out of a noun or verb, is to add a specific ‘ending’, which is called suffix. Suffixes are: ful (beautiful) able (tolerable) ant (hesitant) ic (iconic) ive (impressive) ible (permissible) (i)an (Victorian) ly (friendly) ous (gorgeous) ish (childish)

-ance or -ence and -ancy or -ency

The two suffix pairs, -ance / -ence and -ancy / -ency both create nouns, and they mean "state or quality of." Choosing between these suffixes depends on the word the suffix is being added to. It will be very important for you to learn how to spell common words because there are no strict rules. However, here are some good guidelines to help you choose.

-ance 1. When the base word is an adjective that ends in -ant IMPORTANT It looks like Harold does not understand the importance of paying close attention to the road while driving!

-ance When the base word is an adjective that ends in -ant, you will remove these three letters and add -ance to make a noun for adjectives that can take this suffix. significant abundant brilliant elegant

2. When the base word is a verb that ends in -ure or -ear ENDURE Pete has excellent endurance. He runs long distances. When the root word is a verb that ends in -ure, you should remove the final e, then add -ance. So the verb "endure" becomes the noun "endurance."

When the root word is a verb that ends in -ear, simply add -ance. For example, the verb "appear" becomes "appearance." Here are some common examples: assure insure clear

3. When the base word is a verb that ends in -y DEFY The people's defiance against the cruel queen ended her terrible rule. When the root word is a verb that ends in -y, you should change the y to i, then add -ance.

For example, the verb "defy," which means "resist," becomes the noun "defiance" when the suffix is added. Here are some more examples: comply rely vary

-ence 4. When the base word is a verb that ends in -ere REVERE Three religions, Judaism, Islam, and Christianity, have special reverence for the city of Jerusalem. When the root word is a verb ending in -ere, remove the final e, then add -ence.

-ence For example, the verb "revere," which means to respect greatly, becomes the noun "reverence." Here are some common words that end with -ence: cohere adhere

-ence 5. When the base word is an adjective that ends in -ent SILENT When you have a baby sleeping at home, silence is very important! If the base word is an adjective that ends in -ent, remove these three letters and add -ence. recurrent confident

-ancy The woman talk about her pregnancy There is no fixed rule of when you should use -ance or -ancy. This will depend on the word, so you should be sure to study them carefully. However, if the root word is a verb that ends in -ate, you will likely use -ancy. For example, the verb "hesitate" becomes the noun "hesitancy." Here are some common nouns that end in -ancy: expectancy

-ency CURRENT What is the official currency in your country? As happens with -ancy and -ance, -ency is also a bit less common than -ence. There is no fixed rule about when you should use it, but there are some common words you should learn with this suffix. Some important examples are: emergent sufficient

Review So, let's review what we have learned about the suffixes -ance, -ence, -ancy, and -ency in English: When the base word is an adjective that ends in -ant, you should remove these three letters and add -ance. When the base word is a verb that ends in -ure or -ear, use -ance. If the verb ends in -ure, remove the e before adding -ance. When the base word is a verb that ends in -y, change the y to an i and add -ance. When the base word is a verb that ends in -ere, remove the final e and add -ence.

Review When the base word is an adjective that ends in -ent, remove these three letters and add -ence. You should memorize words that end in -ancy. However, if the base word is a verb that ends in -ate, you should remove the final e and add -ancy. You should memorize common words that end in -ency.

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