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English Grammar

CLL

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SUMMARY

summary

Definite article “The”

The past perfect tense

Indefinite article “a/an”

The past perfect continuous tense

Adjectives >< Adverbs

Asking questions

Prepositions of place and movement

Conditionals

Prepositions with transport & direction

To want, ask, tell, oblige somebody to do something

Prepositions of time | prepositions with verbs

To suggest, propose, recommend doing something

Countable and uncountable nouns

Modal verbs

Determiners

Infinitive >< Gerund

Personal pronouns

Both… and… / neither… nor…

Simple versus continuous tenses

Duration of time

Future expressions

False friends

The past simple tense

Word order

The present perfect tense

Phrasal verbs

Past simple >< present perfect

To do or to make ?

The present perfect continuous tense

Conjunctions and connectors

definite article “THE”

When you are referring to something unique (geographical features…):

When both you and the person/people you are talking to know what you are talking about:

I love looking at the Atlantic Ocean. Have you ever taken the Eurostar? They went skiing in the Alps.

Who was the man we met last week? Have you done the report? The doctor is ready to see you now.

When you use superlative forms:

When explaining exactly what you mean:

I would like the cake at the back of the shelf. Can I have the seat by the window? You must remember the final goal.

That was the most boring film I have ever seen. She is the most beautiful woman in the world. That was the toughest interview I’ve ever had.

Indefinite article “a / an”

Use “an” with vowels or unsounded “h”:

Use with countable nouns:

A wonderful day. A chair. A report.

An umbrella. An awful time. An hour.

Use a/an when you talk about something for the first time:

Some very common nouns do not need articles unless you are specifying which one:

home, bus, train, bicycle, breakfast, lunch, school, court, college, university, church, hospital, work, bed… I went home by bus. He goes to bed late.

Do you want a biscuit? Would you like a beer?

ADJECTIVES: quick, slow… >< ADVERBS: quickly, slowly…

Adverbs describe verbs

Adjectives describe nouns

he drives quickly / slowly / dangerously

a big company, big companies an important person, important people

for frequency: We often / never / always do that.

with “ed” ending(for a feeling resulting from the action) I was interested in / bored by the film.

with “ing” ending (for a noun doing an action) The film was interesting / boring.

for manner:He answered her politely.

to maximize / minimize adjectives:She looks really tired. I feel absolutely terrible.

les fleurs les épinards

la chaleur l’ambiance

le café l’argent

des fleurs des oranges

de la soupe de l’eau

du café de l’argent

Comparing and Constrasting

- as loudly as / more loudly / the loudest - as well as / better than / the best - as badly as / worse than / the worst >> This machine works better than the old one.

- as small as / smaller than / the smallest - as big as / bigger than / the biggest - as difficult as / more difficult than / the most difficult >> That model is smaller than this one; it is the smallest in the world.

de fleurs d’oranges

de soupe d’eau

de café d’ananas

de fleurs d’épinards

de soupe d’eau

de café d’argent

prepositions of place and movement

In de middle (of)

UNDER

OUT

ACROSS

OUTSIDE

ALONG

DOWN

INSIDE

around

in front of

between

behind

Next to

prepositions with transport & Direction

With transport

Directions

“Excuse me, could you tell me how to get to Mr Sun’s office?”
“Certainly, take the lift to the second floor, go out of the lift, walk along the corridor, turn right at the end of the corridor, walk past the secretary’s desk. His office is on the left, next to the coffee machine.”

Thank you.
You’re welcome.

prepositions of time | prepositions with verbs

Prepositions with verbs

Prepositions of time

with 'TO'

No preposition with : last, next, this, every, today, tomorrow.

without 'TO'

Fixed prepositions - some examples:

I’m responsible for sales.
Please wait for me.
We’ll think about it.

It depends on the situation.
I’ll pay for lunch.
Listen to me!

I’m interested in music.
Our company specialises in I.T.
Look at this!

Countable and uncountable nouns

+ a lot, a few, many, much, a little, some, any

Uncountable nouns are too abstract or difficult to count

Countable nouns are concrete and you can count them

rice, furniture, love, information, money (!), work, advice, knowledge, time

a chair/two chairs, a shoe/two shoes

>> You must use uncountable nouns with:

>> You must use countable nouns with :

much, not much, (a) little

a/an, these/those, many, not many, a few

Use both countable and uncountable nouns with: a lot (of), no, some, any

Determiners: some, any, this, these, that, those

This

These

Some :

singular

plural

positive, quantity, restrictive

These apples

This apple

There are some apples

Any :

That

Those

singular

plural

negative or questions, non-restrictive

That apple

Those apples

No, there isn’t any apple.

Are there any apples?

PERSONAL pronouns

Possessivepronoun

Subjectivepronoun

Reflexivepronoun

Objectivepronoun

I you he/she/it we you they

meyou him/her/it us you them

my - mine your - yours his - his /her - hers our - ours your - yours their - theirs

myself yourself himself/herself/itself ourselves yourselves themselves

les fleurs les épinards

la chaleur l’ambiance

le café l’argent

des fleurs des oranges

de la soupe de l’eau

du café de l’argent

de fleurs d’oranges

de soupe d’eau

de café d’ananas

The policeman asked the driver to stop. = HE asked him to stop.

de fleurs d’épinards

de soupe d’eau

de café d’argent

simple versus continuous tenses

compare

Continuous tense

Simple tense

A pleasure boat is sailing down the Thames. (At the moment) I’m living with a friend. (Temporary situation) He’s always telling lies. (Character, irritating habit) We’re leaving on Monday. (Near-future personal plan) It was raining when we left home. (Past action in progress) Doctor, I’ve been losing my keys a lot recently. (Repeatedly) By 2010 she’ll have been working for 20 years. I’ve been speaking English all week. (Continuously) I’m seeing the boss next Tuesday. (Fixed plan in the future)

The river Thames flows through London. (Fact)I live in Belgium. (Permanent home) They always get up at 7 a.m. (Habit) The plane leaves at 8 p.m. (Official) It rained yesterday. (A past fact) I’ve lost my keys. (A recent fact) By this time, next year, you‘ll have bought a house. I’ve spoken some English this week. I see what you mean. (Understand)

future expressions

I will see him tomorrow. I am seeing him tomorrow. I am going to see him tomorrow. There are several ways of talking about the future and the choice does not necessarily depend on how far in the future the action is from now, or how long it will take.

Future Simple

Present Simple

Present Continuous

When we spontaneously decide to do something

When an action is sure or planned

When something is (or is not) fixed on a time table

when we have already planned or decided on an action.

‘to be + going to’

when we predict something based on external evidence.

the past simple tense: I arrived in London yesterday.

Affirmative

Use:

Subject + infinitive of verb + “ed”

for a finished action in the past when the time is specified or indicated + time period is finished
for repeated past actions or habits

verbs ending in “e” add only “d” verbs ending in “y” change to “ied” verbs ending in “p”, “l”, preceded by a vowel, double the consonant

Most common irregular verbs:

Question

Negative

Subject + didn’t (= did not) + infinitive

did + Subject + infinitive?

Communicative examples:

THE PRESENT PERFECT tense: I have already finished my work.

Use:

Affirmative

for a past action with no past time specified or indicated
for a recently completed action
past connected to present
life experience
for an unfinished period of time

Subject + have/has + past participle(infinitive of verb + “ed” or “d”).

Most common irregular verbs:

Question

Negative

Have/Has + subject + past participle?

Subject + have not (haven't)/has not (hasn't) + past participle

Communicative examples:

past simple: I lived versus present perfect: I have lived

Present perfetct

Past simple

past specified time

past unspecified time

finished action with no connection to now

action with connection to present

time period NOT finished

time period finished

to indicate a sequence of finished actions in the past

to talk about life experience

THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS tense: I’ve been working here for 2 years.

Use:

Affirmative

to describe an action which started in the past and which is still continuing now.
to describe an action which had duration in the past and whose results are evident now.
to describe a repetitive action between the past and present

Subject + have/has + been + verb-ing

Present perfect simple

Present perfect continuous

Question

Negative

Have/Has + Subject + been + verb-ing?

Subject + have/has + not + been + verb-ing

Communicative examples:

the past perfect tense: Everybody HAD already LEFT when we arrived.

Affirmative

Use:

Subject + auxiliary verb had + past participle of verb (for all subject pronouns)

for a past action which happened BEFORE another action in the past (= far / distant past)

Question

Negative

Communicative examples:

Had + Subject + past participle of verb?

Subject + auxiliary verb had + not (hadn't) + past participle of verb (for all subject pronouns)

the past perfect continuous tense: We HAD BEEN WAITING for an hour when he finally arrived.

Affirmative

Use:

Subject + auxiliary verb had + been + verb-ing

to stress the continuity of an action which happened BEFORE another past action.
to indicate a link or relationship BETWEEN an action in the past perfect and the past simple.

Question

Negative

Communicative examples:

Had + Subject + been+ verb-ing?

Subject + auxiliary verb had not / hadn't + been + verb-ing

asking questions

with main verb only

with a MODAL verb + main verb

with the verb “to be”

with auxiliary verbs

Question tags

Wh/h questions

Conditionals: If I can, I will / If I could, I would

FIRST conditional

zero conditional

second conditional

If + present simple + will/won't + verb

If + present simple + present simple

If + past simple + would + verb

>> A possible situation in the future

>> Facts which are generally true or scientific facts

>> Hypothetical or unlikely situations

third conditional

wish / IF only

If + past perfect + would have + past participle

If + present simple + will/won't + verb

>> to express regret about a situation

>> something impossible to change in past

to want, ask, tell, oblige somebody to do something

to come / not to come. to tell the truth / not to tell the truth. to listen / not to listen. to participate in the meeting. to be involved.

him me us them you

I askedShe told They ordered We want / We don’t want I’d like / I wouldn’t like

de fleurs d’oranges

de fleurs d’épinards

to suggest, propose, recommend doing something

taking resuming going

a break.the negotiations. there on holiday.

I suggest / I don’t suggestHe proposed / He didn’t propose We recommend / We don’t recommend

de fleurs d’oranges

de fleurs d’épinards

modal verbs

Requests

permission

offers / suggestions

obligations

may, could, can, will

shall, could, can, 'll

must, mustn't, can't

would, could, can, will

Possibility

Probability

Advice

necessity

should, shouldn’t,ought to, oughtn’t

need to, don’t need to,don’t have to, needn’t

can, could, may, might

may well

Ability / capability

Presumption

can, can’t, able to, couldn't

must, can't

Infinitive: to do >< GERUND : doing

Verbs which can take infinitive or gerund depending on the meaning

Most common verbs followed by infinitive or gerund

Infinitive

Gerund

Infinitive or Gerund

go on mean regret remember stop try

to agree, aim, ask, decline, demand, fail, have hesitate, hope,

to admit, avoid, consider, delay, deny, detest, dread, enjoy, feel like,

hurry, manage, offer, plan, prefer, prepare, refuse, want, wish

finish, imagine, love, hate, mind, miss, recall, resent, risk

Gerund Also after prepositions “in, on, by, of, with, about”. Verbs + preposition including ‘to’, when ‘to’ is not the infinitive, >> to look forward to doing + to be accustomed to doing something.

both… and… / neither… nor…

Either ... or

Neither ... nor

Both ... and

Choice between Two alternatives

None of the choices

The two alternatives are possible

EITHER

NEITHER

BOTH

nor

and

I speak English and I speak German too.= I like both English and German.

I don’t speak English and I don’t speak German either.= I speak neither English nor German.

We can either speak English or German. Which do you prefer?

So do I / Neither do I (for positive and negative agreements)

So did I! So would I. So does she

I didn’t like that film! I wouldn’t like to see it again! I don’t know him personally.

Neither / nor did we. Neither / nor would I. Neither / nor do I.

I liked that film! I’d like to see it again. I know the film director personally.

Duration of time: during / while / since / for…

WHILE

DURING (= in the course of)

Use with a noun indicating a specific period of time duration.

Use with a verb indicating an action happening at the same time as another.

SINCE

FOR

indicates duration of a quantifiable period of time.

Refers back to a specific moment, date.

false friends

Some English and French words look the same but are different!

Currently (= at the moment) he’s studying history. We’d like to live abroad, possibly (= maybe) in Japan. We should ( = if all goes well) finish the project by June. We had a terrific (= fantastic) time at the party. He works hard (= a lot). Our new teacher is very friendly (= nice). Have you noticed (= seen) the change? That was a sensible (= based on common sense) decision. Congratulations, you’ve passed (= succeeded in) your exam.

Actually (= in fact), he’s not English. He’s American.Eventually (= finally) he moved to Canada. Whatever happens, act normally (= as usual). The weather was terrible (= very bad) last month. He hardly works at all (he doesn’t work very much). He was very sympathetic about the death of my father (= he showed concern for my sadness). She remarked (= commented) that it was urgent. Why are you so sensitive (= affected by criticism) ? She’s taking (= doing) an exam next Monday.

Duration of time: during / while / since / for…

The usual order of adverbs is: how where when

Never separate a verb and its direct object !

>> He likes chocolate very much.

>> She’ll speak briefly at the conference next month.

Position of verbs of movement (go, come...) where how

>> She speaks English well.

>> They went to the US by plane.

Adverbs of frequency come before the main verb:

But if the verb is “TO BE” or has an auxiliary then they come after:

>> I never tell lies.

>> He is always late.

>> She often sees her mother.

>> They have never been to Britain.

phrasal verbs : main verb + one or more prepositions

to get up, to get over, to get by, to get through to

The preposition changes the meaning of the main verb.
Sometimes they must have a direct object: We handed them out. She looked it up
If there is more than one preposition, the object pronoun comes after the last preposition: She gets on with him very well.

over

OVER

TO LOOK

UP TO

TO GET

by without

after

FOR

trought to

To do or to make ?

To Do

To make

Conjunctions and connectors: and, but, so, then, because

To contrast and compare

but, on the other hand, on the contrary, instead (of), although, though, compared with, even though, however, in contrast (to/with), by contrast, whereas, despite/in spite of

To sequence activities

meanwhile, during, while, soon, firstly, secondly, thirdly, and then, next, afterwards, after that, subsequently

To give more information

too, also, and, as well, moreover, what’s more, furthermore, in addition (to), additionally

To conclude

in conclusion, to conclude, to sum up

To express reason, results/ consequences

so, therefore, as a result (of), because, in view of, consequently, hence, to bring about, to give rise to, to lead to

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English Grammar

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