A1.1 - LESSON Likes & Dislikes

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likes and dislikes

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Demonstrative Pronouns

Simple Present

Likes and Dislikes

Conjunctures and Linkers

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Comparison

demonstrative Pronouns

We use the Demonstrative Pronouns to show the position of a person, object, or event in relation to the speaker. The pronouns can be used in Singular (This/That) and Plural (These/Those) and refer to proximity (This/These) and distance (That/Those).

pronomes demonstrativos

Usamos os pronomes demonstrativos para mostrar a posição de uma pessoa, objeto ou evento em relação ao falante.Os pronomes podem ser usados no singular (This/That) e no plural (These/Those) referindo-se à proximidade (This/These) e distância (That/Those).

examples

“Almost everybody order food these days,” means that the speaker is referring to a current situation.

“This pasta is delicious!” means that the person is referring to a thing close to him.

“That movie was boring,” means that the speaker is talking about something that is already finished.

“This concert isn’t what I expected,” means that the speaker is at the concert right now.

simple present

The Simple Present Tense is used to describe habits, general truths, fixed arrangements, and unchanging situations. To talk about the Simple Present, we normally use: “subject + verb” But we need to pay attention to what we call the Verb Forms, which depend on the Person we use as a subject. For He, She, and It, we use the 3rd Person Singular Verb Form, in which we add an -s to the verb*, while for I, You (singular), We, You (plural), and They, we use the Simple Verb Form.

presente simples

O tempo do presente simples é usado para descrever hábitos, verdades gerais, compromissos e situações imutáveis. Para falar sobre o presente simples, normalmente usamos: “sujeito + verbo” Mas precisamos prestar atenção ao que chamamos de formas verbais, as quais dependem da pessoa que ocupa a função de sujeito. Para ‘he’, ‘she’ e ‘it’, usamos a forma verbal da terceira pessoa do singular, adicionando um ‘s’ ao verbo*, ao passo que para ‘we’, ‘you’ e ‘they’, nós usamos a forma verbal simples.

the affirmative form

“I study at home,” means that it’s an unchanging situation and we use the verb to work in its simple form. “She only eats vegan food,” means that it’s a habit and we use the verb to eat in its 3 rd Person form. “I have an appointment with the doctor next week,” means that it’s a fixed arrangement. “I’m an engineer,” means that it’s a general truth.“

A forma afirmativa

“Eu estudo em casa.” significa que essa é uma situação imutável, e nós usamos o verbo ‘to study’ em sua forma simples. “Ela só come comida vegana.” significa que isso é um hábito e nós usamos o verbo ‘to eat’ na terceira pessoa. “Tenho uma consulta com o médico na próxima semana.” significa que há um compromisso. “Sou engenheira.” significa que essa é uma verdade geral.

THE 3rd PERSON SINGULAR VERB FORM

When using the 3rd Person Singular, we need to pay attention to the verb-endings: “He goes to the school by train or by bus,” for verbs ending in -O, -SS, -X, -CH, we add -ES. “She tries very hard,” for verbs ending in -Y, we drop the -Y and add -IES if there’s a consonant before the -Y. “She has a beach house, but she never invites us” the verb to have is irregular, so we change it to “has” when using the 3rd person singular.

forma verbal da 3ª pessoa do singular

Quando usamos a terceira pessoa do singular, precisamos prestar atenção às terminações dos verbos: “Ele vai para a escola de trem ou de ônibus.” para verbos que terminam em -O, -SS, -X, -CH, adicionamos -ES. “Ela se esforça bastante.” para verbos terminados em -Y, tiramos o -Y e adicionamos -IES se houver uma consoante antes do -Y. “Ela tem uma casa na praia, mas nunca nos convida.” o verbo to have é irregular, então nós o mudamos para “has” quando usamos a terceira pessoa do singular.

negative and interrogative forms

When talking about the Negative and the Interrogative forms, we use the Auxiliary Verb “to do” to write the sentences, except for the verb “to be”. Pay attention that, when in the 3rd Person Singular Form, we modify the Auxiliary Verb, and the main verb returns to the Simple Form. “I don’t go to school anymore,” means that the action is no longer a habit. “She doesn’t have a driver’s license,” means that it’s not a general truth. “Does he work out?” means that the person is asking for a habit. “Is she the chef here?” means that the person is asking for a general truth.

forma negativa e interrogativa

Quando falamos sobre as formas negativa e interrogativa, usamos o verbo auxiliar ‘do’ ao escrevermos as frases, com exceção do verbo ‘to be’. Preste atenção a isso, pois, na terceira pessoa do singular, nós modificamos o verbo auxiliar e o verbo principal retorna à sua forma simples. “Eu não vou mais à escola.” significa que a ação não é mais um hábito. “Ela não tem habilitação para dirigir.” significa que essa não é uma verdade geral. “Ele se exercita?” significa que a pessoa está perguntando sobre um hábito. “Ela é a chefe de cozinha daqui?” significa que a pessoa está perguntando sobre uma verdade geral.

likes and dislikes

I am crazy about it

When talking about the things we like or dislike, we use the following verbs

I love it

I am into it

I like it

I am interested in it

I dislike it

I hate it

It’s possible to use the verb “to dislike” in negative form, but it’s not very common.

gostos e preferências

Quando falamos sobre as coisas de que gostamos ou não gostamos, usamos os verbos “gostar” e “desgostar”, mas também é possível usar estes outros verbos: “amar”, “ser/estar interessado/a em”, “ser chegado/a a” e “ser louco/a por”. É possível usar “desgostar” na forma negativa, mas não é algo comum.

conjunctions and linkers

Conjunctions and Linkers are words used to connect words, sentences, clauses, or phrases. Some linkers and conjunctions are “and”, “or”, “but”, “because” which can be used to talk about additional information (and), choices/alternatives (or), contrasting information (but), cause/reason (because).

conjunções e conectivos

Conjunções e conectivos são palavras usadas para conectar palavras, frases, orações ou expressões. Alguns conectivos e conjunções são “e”, “ou”, “mas” e “porque”, podendo ser usados para falarmos sobre informações adicionais (“and”), escolhas/ alternativas (“or”), informações contrastantes ("but”) e causa/ motivo (“because”).

examples

• “He dislikes codfish” which means that the person doesn’t like something.
• “I’m crazy about chocolate,” which means that the person really likes something.
• “I love lasagna, gnocchi, and any other pasta,” which means that the person’s favorite food is pasta.
• “She doesn’t dislike beer, she just prefers whiskey or other stronger beverages,” which means that if there are other types of stronger beverages, the person likes them more than they* like beer.
• “I’m not into sushi because I don’t like raw fish, but I like other Japanese food” which means that the person likes Japanese food except those with raw fish.

COMPARISON

When comparing things, it’s possible to use adjectives in the Comparative and/or in the Superlative. Comparative Adjectives are used in sentences that compare differences between two things ( the subject and the object of the sentence), while Superlative Adjectives are used in sentences where one thing (the subject) is compared to a group (of objects), but we need to pay attention to the adjectives we use for both.

COMPARação

Quando comparamos as coisas, é possível usar adjetivos nas formas comparativa e superlativa. Adjetivos comparativos são usados em frases que comparam as diferenças entre duas coisas (o sujeito e o objeto da frase), ao passo que adjetivos superlativos são usados em frases nas quais uma coisa (o sujeito) é comparado a um grupo (de objetos); porém, precisamos prestar atenção aos adjetivos que usamos para ambos.

THE COMPARATIVE

We normally use “Noun (subject) + verb + comparative adjective + than + noun (object)” when talking about the Comparative, and we use the suffix “-ER” for “small” adjectives and “MORE/LESS + adjective” for “big” adjectives.

CHECK THE FOLLOWING EXAMPLES

SMALL

BIG

examples with small adjectives

“My house is smaller than yours,” for simple adjectives, we just add -ER at the end of the word. “Your dog is bigger than mine,” for CVC ( Consonant Vowel Consonant) adjectives, we double the last consonant and add the suffix -ER. “Canadian food is tastier than American food,” for adjectives ending in -Y, we remove the -Y and change the suffix to -IER if there’s a consonant before the -Y. “His lifestyle is simpler than ours,” for adjectives ending in -E, we simply add R at the end of the word.

examples with big adjectives

“Vancouver is more beautiful than Toronto,” means that the person prefers one of the cities “The subway is less crowded than the bus,” means that more people use the bus. “Pasta is more delicious than fried food,” means that the person doesn’t like fried food.

THE SUPERLATIVE

When talking about the superlative, we normally use “Noun (subject) + verb + the + superlative adjective + noun (object)”, and we use the suffix "-EST" for “small” adjectives and “THE MOST/LEAST” for “big” adjectives.

CHECK THE FOLLOWING EXAMPLES

BIG

SMALL

examples with small adjectives

“My house is the smallest in the street,” for simple adjectives, we just add -EST at the end of the word. “That dog is the biggest we have,” for CVC (Consonant Vowel Consonant) adjectives, we double the last consonant and add the suffix -EST. “Canadian food is the tastiest food in the world,” for adjectives ending in -Y, we remove the -Y and change the suffix to -IEST if there’s a consonant before the -Y. “He is the simplest person I know,” for adjectives ending in -E, we simply add ST at the end of the word.

examples with big adjectives

“Vancouver is the most beautiful city,” means that this is that person’s favorite city in the whole world. “The subway is the least crowded in the afternoon,” means that it’s not common for a lot of people to use the subway at this time. “Pasta is the most delicious food,” means that the person prefers pasta over other food.