Lexical Transformations

GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF TRANSLATION

lexical Transformations

Concretization

The essence of this transformation lies in translating words with non-differentiated meaning of SL by words with specified concrete meaning in TL "to go (on foot, by train, by plane, etc.)" - "идти пешком","ехать поездом", "лететь. самолетом", etc.;

generalization

The essence of this transformation lies in translating words with specified concrete meaning of SL by words with non-differentiated meaning in TL."He is six foot three tall" "Он очень большого роста"

SEMANTIC DEVELOPMENT

It is based upon logical connection between two phenomena (usually it is a cause-and-effect type of connection), one of which is named in the original text and the other used as its translated version.

"Mr Kelada's brushes ... would have been all the better for a scrub" "Щетки мистера Келады ... не отличались чистотой"

ANTONYMY

It means that a certain word is translated not by the corresponding word of TL but by its antonym and at the same time negation is added (or, if there is negation in the original sentence, it is omited in translation) "It wasn't too far." "Это оказалось довольно близко"

COMPENSATION

It is a general principle of rendering stylistic peculiarities of a text when there is no direct correspondence between stylistic means of SL and TL. It is widely used to render speech peculiarities of characters, to translate puns, rhyming words, etc. "You can't have no rolls" "А булочков-то не будет"

concretization

semantic development

compensation

antonymy

generalization

Translate the following, employing concretization

• 1. In a corner were some golf clubs, a walking stick, an umbrella, and two miniature rifles. Over the chimneypiece was a green baize notice-board covered with lists; there was a typewriter on the table. In a bookcase were a number of very old textbooks and some new exercise-books. There were also a bicycle pump, two armchairs, a straight chair, half a bottle of invalid port, a boxing glove, a bowler hat, yesterday's "Daily News" and a packet of pipe-cleaners. (E.W.)
• Do you know, I’ve never been in a boat before in all my life. (K.G.)
• Let this be a lesson to you. (B.P.)
• Sally was extremely uncomfortable. (B.P.)
• ... an opera singer tells of the persecution she currently endures at the hands of the tenor's wife ...(M.S.)
• The baby, Carl, was the only reality of her life.(M.S.)
• I'm going to Ireland. (B.Sh.)
• She took a drag of the coffee and then a deep drag of the cigarette. (R.P.W.)
• I’m a photographer. I do celebrities and authors for book jackets, stuff like this. (B.P.)
• Sighing, Dan took the phone. (B.P.)
• I want to get married.(P.G.W.)

Translate the following, employing generalization

• When they had gone, she was left with a well-remembered dread from her school and college years. Had she passed the finals? (B.P.)
• He wants his dinner. (B.P.)
• The Boss was already sitting in the front by the driver's seat when I got to the Cadillac. (R.P.W.)
• Jack sat up and stretched out his legs. (W.G.)
• Three long years had passed over my head since I had tasted ale, beer, wine, or liquor of any kind. (M.T.)
• Paul did not have to travel alone. Potts was at Croydon, enveloped in an ulster and carrying in his hand a little attachй case (E.W.)
• ... a waiter advanced staggering under the weight of an ice-pail from which emerged a Jeroboam of champagne.(E.W.)
• Close to the window ... James..., like the bulky Swithin, over six feet in height, but lean, - brooded over the scene with his permanent stoop. (J.G.)
• But Christmas with no children about - he still remembered the holly and snapdragons of Park Lane in his own childhood - the family parties; ... (J.G.)
• "What'll you have now - cheese?" "Thank you, sir; I've had too much already, but I won't say 'No'" "Two Stiltons," said Michael. (J.G.)

Translate the following, employing semantic development

• “Does it make any difference?” “It always makes a difference”. (I.Sh.)
• “Daddy and I are going out to dinner. It’s Uncle Oliver’s birthday”. “You is always going out”. “No, honey. We haven’t been out all week”. (B.P.)
• That’s your opinion, not mine. (B.P.)
• “Has Tina told you anything?” “Not directly, in so many words” .(B.P.)
• Dan, listen - you’d like to stop progress, but it can’t be done. Set your mind on the twenty-first century. ” Gloom settled on Dan’s face. “My mind’s already on it. (B.P.)”
• "Are your shoes all right.? The dew's so heavy now." (J.F.)
• Between the towns the roads were comparatively empty, he was making ample time. (J.F.)
• He searched for writing paper, but there wasn't any in the room, it wasn't that kind of hotel, an endless one-nighter. (J.F.)
• Off the screen Annabel Christopher looked a puny little thing. (M.S.)
• "Oh, dear, oh, dear. I can see that things are going to be very difficult." (E.W.)

Translate the following, employing semantic development

• Then a second later a little bald-headed fellow, wearing a white coat which ought to have been in the week's wash came plunging through the crowd ... (R.P.W.)What did she want? (B.P.) The telephone rang. “Answer it. I’m not home.” (B.P.)
• What makes you think that? (B.P.)
• His luck was with him. (B.P.)
• “Ah, don’t be stupid.” “Men always like to think women are stupid.” (B.P.)
• I suppose the funeral will be a big event. (B.P.)
• You see he’s a new person, don’t you? (B.P.)
• Clive made no comments. (B.P.)
• We don’t like to intrude on a day like this, Mrs. Grey. (B.P.)
• ... the trees gave way to sunlight and a grassy orchard…(J.F.)
• He throws it [the bullet] on the table; the noise it makes testifies to its weight. (B.Sh.)
• The tide was low and there was a strip of weedstrewn beach that was almost as firm as a road." (W.G.)

Translate the following, employing antonymy

• I don’t suppose you are in any hurry to get back? (B.P.)
• I cannot forget the smallest detail of that room. (B.P.)
• You have to remember that this was in the sixties. (B.P.)
• “It wasn’t a pretty story, was it?” “No, not pretty.” (B.P.)
• I don’t suppose you were too fond of him. (B.P.)
• “Are you sure you’re feeling all right, Sally?” “Meaning ‘Am I sane?’ Yes, I’m quite, quite sane, Oliver.” (B.P.)
• He tried to be off-hand and not too obviously uninterested. (W.G.)
• Honey, a thin, not unattractive Negro girl of twenty, enters the living room with the morning paper. (G.&d'U)
• "I didn't come here to make any speech ... And I didn't come here to ask you to give me anything, not even a vote." (R.P.W.)
• He wished Beth [his wife] were there ... (J.F.)
• I don't think he knew what he was saying. (G.G.)
• ... the wretched plane didn't land till after seven. (J.F.)
• "There's nothing wrong with your eyes. Off you go." (M.S.)
• I wish the doctor hadn't gone. (B.Sh.)
• It wasn't long before I heard the pacing start. (R.P.W.)
• Paul had very little difficulty in finding the dining- hall. (E.W.)

Translate the following, employing compensation

• " How's your boy?" the Boss asked. "Ain't been so good.," Old Leather-Face allowed. "Sick?" "Naw", Old Leather-Face allowed, "jail." (R.P.W.)
• There is things which you have done which is unbeknowens to anybody but me. You better trot out a few dols, to yours truly, or you'll hear through the papers from HANDY ANDY. (M.T.)
• AUGUSTUS. I came here to promise the Mayor a knighthood for his exertions. THE CLERK. The Mayor! Where do I come in? AUGUSTUS. You don't come in. You go out.
• …Mr Prendergast made a little joke about soles and souls. (E.W.)
• My daddy's coming tomorrow on a nairiplane. (J.D.S.)
• I’ve noticed he don’t - doesn’t - talk that way. He has nice manners. (B.P.)
• “What else had you to learn?” “Well, there was…Mystery, ancient and modern, with Seaography…” (L.C.)
• “… he taught us Drawling, Stretching, and Fainting in Coils”. “What was that like?” “Well, I can’t show it you, myself,” the Mock Turtle said: “I’m too stiff.” (L.C.)
• “… different branches of Arithmetic – Ambition, Distraction, Uglification, and Derision”. “I never heard of ‘Uglification,’” Alice ventured to say. “What is it?” The Gryphon lifted up both its paws in surprise. “Never heard of uglifying!” he exclaimed. “You know what to beautify is, I suppose. Don’t you?” “Yes,” said Alice, doubtfully: “it means – to – make – anything – prettier”. “Well then,” the Gryphon went on, “if you don’t know what to uglify is, you are a simpleton’.(L.C.)

THANKS FOR GREAT WORK!