SPAIN IN THE 19 CENTURY

19th CENTURY

IN SPAIN

Previousevents

1807/1808

Napoleon invades Spain.Muntinity of Aranjuez

1812- CONSTITUTION

1814- Fernando VII

1833- I GUERRA CARLISTA

Isabel II vs Carlos María de Isidro

1840

Isabel II

1871- AMADEO de SABOYA

1868- REVOLUCIÓN LA GLORIOSA

Exilio Isabel II

1874

1873- 1874

ALFONSO XII

FIRST SPANISH REPUBLIC

1885/86

ALFONSO XIII

Previous Events

Changes during the 18th century, developed a new society,

The Industrial Revolution

The French Revolution

It originated in the United kingdom at the end of the 18th Century. The steam engine was invented, and a new energy source was used: coal.Craftsmen's workshops were replaced by FACTORIES with machines. Trains and steamboats were developed, and the textile and metal industries advanced a lot. A society based in agriculture, developed into a society based on industrial activity.

Between 1789 and 1799, there was an importatn movement in France against the ABSOLUTE MONARCHY. They established the values of LIBERTY, EQUALITY and FRATERNITY and wrote the DECLARATION OF THE RIGHT OF MAN,They were influenced by the ideas of the Enlightenment, and it changed the form of gobernment in many parts of Europe.

THE WAR OF INDEPENDENCE

Carlos IV was the king of Spain at the begining of the 19th century. It was an absolute monarchy. The queen Maria Luisa and Manuel Godoy helped him. In 1807 Napoleon asked for help to invade Portugal, but on his way he tried to invade Spain. People was angry, and Godoy told the kings to exile to America. They stopped in Aranjuez, and people made Carlos IV to abdicate on his son Fernando VII, in the Motín de Aranjuez (1808).

Napoleon cheated Carlos IV and Fernando VII, and he got the crown to his brother José I (Bonaparte). The population did not accept it, and the War of Independence started in 1808. It lasted until 1814, when the French were defeated, and Fernando VII was proclaimed king.

THE CONSTITUTION OF 1812

During the war, the Spanish Parliament moved to Cadiz. In 1812, they signed the Cadiz Consitution, which proclaimed Fernando VII as the king of a moderate monarchy, and gave some rights to citizens.

KINGDOM OF FERNANDO VII

In 1814, Fernando VII was the king, and he abolished the Cadiz Constitution and established an absolute monarchy. This caused the loss of many American colonies and a lot of political disorder.At the end of Fernando VII reign, there were economic problems.

He also had a problem because he only had a daughter. He asked for support to the liberals, and they changed the “Ley Sálica”. In 1833, Fernando VII died and Isabel II, who was only 3 years old, became the queen.

I GUERRA CARLISTA

In 1833, Fernando VII died and Isabel II, who was only 3 years old, became the queen.. Isabel’s uncle, Carlos María de Isidro, proclaimed himself the king, and the PRIMERA GUERRA CARLISTA started. It finished in 1840, when Isabel II was proclaimed queen.. She established a constitutional monarchy.

THE KINGDOM OF ISABEL II

In 1843, Isabel II was declared legally of age. During her reing the form of gobernment was a CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY, that limited her power. As the years passed, there were more authoritarian governments. That authoritarianism, together with an economic crisis, leaded to a conspiracy against Isabel II. In 1868 a revolution called "LA GLORIOSA" made the government to resign and Isabel to exile.

THE FIRST SPANISH REPUBLIC

When Isabel II exiled, a provisional government was formed and started looking for a King. In 1871 Amadeo de Saboya (an Italian relative) was declared king of Spain. He was a foreigner and had little support, so in 1873 he resigned and members of the Parliament declared the FIRST SPANISH REPUBLIC was proclaimed. The Republic also lacked support, and it lasted only 1 year.

A REPUBLIC is a form of government with no king.

ALFONSO XII: THE RESTORATION

In 1874, Alfonso XII (son of Isabel II) was proclaimed king and a period called THE RESTORATION started(because it pretended to restore the Bourbon dinasty and the Spanish Empire). It was an absolute monarchy. In 1885 Alfonso XII died. Her wife Mª Cristina de Habsburg was pregnant and in 1886 Alfonso XIII was declared king the moment he was born. His mother was reigning until he was of age. In 1898, Spain lost the last colonies: Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippines. In 1902, Alfonso XIII was declared of age (he was 16).

SOCIETY

Society in the 19th century was divided into three social classes, depending on wealth:

The UPPER CLASS consisted of the wealthiest people: - The ARISTOCRATS were nobles who owned larges areas of land. - The BOURGEOIS were factory owners, prosperous merchants and bankers.

The MIDDLE CLASS consisted of small merchants and enterpreneurs, smal landowners,and professionasl such as doctosrs, lawyers and engineers.

The LOWER CALSS consisted of poorer people: -The PEASANTS worked on the land of large landonwners. - The FACTORY WORKERS worked in echange of very low wages, during long hours an d in very hard conditions. Even childen worked in factories. They lived in very poor neinghbourhoods with no electricity or running water. To fight for better conditions, they created labor unions.

ART AND CULTURE

Architecture

NEOCLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE: style similar to the Greek and Roman style. Like Puerta de Toledo The use of iron and glass spread in birdges, railwaystations, etc. MODERNISM: new style with curved and wavy shapes simulating nature. For example Casa Milá in Barcelona, by Antony Gaudí.

Sculpture

Squares, gardens and avenues were decorated with scuptures made of stone. For example the Fallen Angel of Ricardo Bellver

ART AND CULTURE

Painting

FRANCISCO DE GOYA was the painter of the Spanish court, and painted portraits of Carlos IV and Fernando VII. He also painted popular scenes and he is considered one of the greatest Spanish painters.

IMPRESSIONISM was born at the end of the century. Impressionist painters gave emphasis to the colour and light over the drawing and the shapes. The most imprtant Spanish impressionist was Joaquin Sorolla.

ART AND CULTURE

Literature

PLAYWRITER: Jose de ZorrillaPOETS: Rosalía de Castro, Gustavo Adolfo Bequer NOVELISTS: Benito Pérez Galdós, Leopoldo Alas "Clarín"

GENERATION OF 98: They were a group of writes who wrote pessimistically about the social and political situation of Spain. For example: Pío Baroja, Miguel de Unamuno, Antonio Machado, Ramón María del Valle-Inclán...They were called lake this because they were improtant wirters when Spain lost the last colonies in America.

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DUE DATE: 4th December

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