Historical Development of Mathematics

Historical Development of Mathematics

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"Math is Our Life" project team presents

MODERN AGE

1900

17TH 18TH CENTURY

1700

ANCIENT GREECE

500

INDIAN-ISLAM RENAISANCE

EGYPT & MESOPOTAMIA

500

M.Ö 2000

Historical Development of Mathematics

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EGYPT & MESOPOTAMIA

Birth of mathematics

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The world is made up of patterns and sequences: the day becomes night, the landscapes are constantly changing, the phases of the moon and the seasons. One of the reasons mathematics arose was the need to understand and explain the patterns by which nature is driven. Some of the most banal mathematical concepts are deep in the human brain, and are also observed in other animal species. For the latter, assessing the distance of food or predator is a factor that makes the difference between life and death. The one who put these simple concepts together, bound them together, began to count, and thus gave birth to the entire mathematical universe is man. Our prehistoric ancestors would have had a general sensitivity about the sums, and would have instinctively known the difference between, say, one and two antelopes. But the intellectual leap from the concrete idea of two things to the invention of a symbol or word for the abstract idea of "two" was lasting. Even today, there are isolated hunter-gatherer tribes in the Amazonia that have only words for "one," "two" and "many," and others that only have words for numbers up to five. In the absence of established agriculture and trade, there is no need for a formal system of numbers.

The Egyptians and pre-dynastic Sumerians represented geometric patterns on their artifacts as early as the 5th B.C., also some megalithic societies in northern Europe in the 3rd millennium B.C. Mathematics itself initially developed largely in response to bureaucratic needs when civilizations established and developed agriculture – for measuring plots of land, taxing individuals, etc. – and this took place for the first time in the Sumerian and Babylonian civilizations of Mesopotamia (approximately, modern Iraq) and in ancient Egypt.

The oldest object that proves the existence of a method of calculation is the bone in Ishango, Democratic Republic of Congo, which dates back to 20,000 B.C. It has been said that the marks on the object, a series of incisions arranged on three columns along the bone, are not random and that it is probably some kind of counting tool used to perform simple mathematical procedures. During the Egyptian predynasties of the 5th millennium B.C. some geometric paintings appeared.

Mathematics does not have a clearly defined beginning, but the occurrence of mathematics is closely related to human evolution. People may have developed certain mathematical skills even before the occurrence of writing. The oldest mathematical object is the Lebombo Bone, a baboon's fibula with 29 notches, discovered in the Lebombo mountains of South Africa and dates back to 43,000 B.C.

There are many theories that have been discovered by mathematicians solely on the basis of introspection, thought, mental calculus, without previously being observed in nature. The fact that it was then concluded that they describe so wonderfully the world in which we live is the great mystery. In fact, it was precisely this fact that got people thinking: If through our own mind, starting from certain simple mathematical theories, verifiable by experiment and observation, we mentally develop new theories, then is Mathematics invented by us or just discovered?

Stonehenge, a Neolithic ceremonial and astronomical monument in England dating back to around 2300 B.C., also undoubtedly presents examples of the use of 60 and 360 in the measurements of the circle, a practice that probably developed quite independently of the sexagesimal counting system of the ancient Sumerians and Babylonians.

There is evidence of basic arithmetic and geometric notations on petroglyphs at the Knowth and Newgrange funeral mounds in Ireland (dating from approximately 3500 B.C., respectively 3200 B.C.). They use a repeated zigzag glyph for counting, a system that continued to be used in the UK and Ireland in the first millennium B.C.

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Harezmi

Newton

Descartes

Fermat

Fibonacci

Omar Khayyam

INDIAN-ISLAM- RENAISANCE

LIBER ABBACI

Leonardo Fibonacci of Pisa is the foremost Mathematician in pre-Renaissance Europe.

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Works

The Golden Ratio φ

Biography

References

Fibonacci Sequence

Leonardo of Pisa (1170-1250)

Leonardo Fibonacci

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Works

References

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Biography

1607-12 january 1665

But it is impossible to divide a cube into two cubes, or a fourth power into fourth powers, or generally any power beyond the square into like powers; of this I have found a remarkable demonstration. This margin is too narrow to contain it.

PIERRE DE FERMAT

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Works

References

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Biography

1642 – 1726 A.D.

" Was an English mathematician, physicist, astronomer, theologian, and author (described in his own day as a 'natural philosopher') who is widely recognised as one of the most influential scientists of all time and as a key figure in the scientific revolution."

Newton

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Biography

780-850 A.D.

"He was one of the first classics of Islam and the first scholar of the school in Baghdad, a pioneer in mathematics. Thus, he is often quoted as "the father of algebra"

Harezmi

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Works

References

Jalal Calendar

Binomial Theorem

Biography

(18 June 1048 - 4 December 1131)

Dear, you and I are like compassesWe have two heads, one body.No matter how long I turn around,Aren't we going to give it alone sooner or later? -Omer Khayyam-

Omer Khayyam

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"It seeks better to defeat you than fate and to change your desires rather than the order of the world."

Works

References

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Biography

René Descartes

Hypatia

Archimedes

Euclid

Pythagoras

Plato

Thales

ANCIENT GREECE

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(c. 570 – c. 495 BC)

Contributionsto Mathematıcs

References

PythagoreanTheorem

Biography

''All things are numbers.'' -PYTHAGORAS-

Pythagoras

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(624 BC-524 BC)

-Thales

" The most difficult thing in life is to know yourself.

Thales Theorem

References

CONTRIBUTIONS TO MATHEMATICS

Biography

Thales

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Platonic Solids

References

contributions to maths

contributionsto maths

Biography

( 427 BC - 347 BC )

"The highest form of püre thought is in mathematichs"

plato

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Works

References

The GCD method

Book of Elements

Biography

He is a the father of geometry

Euclid

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Contributios to maths

References

Contributions to maths

Contributions to maths

Biography

( 287 BC - 212 BC )

"Mathematics reveals its secrets only to those who approach it with pure love.”

Archimedes

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Works

References

Discoveries

Work

Biography

of Alexandria (355 or 370 c. to 415)

"Defend your right to think, because even thinking in a wrong way is better than not thinking."

hypatia

Cauchy

D'alembert

Euler

Gauss

Laplace

Riemann

17TH 18TH CENTURY

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Biography

He is a French mathematician, mechanic, physicist and philosopher

Jean Le Rond d'Alembert

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Carl Friedrich Gauss

Works

References

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Biography

German mathematian, generally regarded as one of the greatest mathematicians of all time for his contributions to number theory, geometry, probability theory, geodesy, planetary.

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References

Biography

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"Leonhard Euler (1707-1783) is the greatest mathematician of the eighteenth century.

LEONHARD EULER

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He was a French mathematician and scientist. He is sometimes called the “Newton of France”, because of his wide range of interests, and the enormous impact of his work.

Works

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Probability

Laplace expansion

Biography

Pierre-Simon Laplace

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French mathematician and physicist. He has contributed to many areas of mathematics, he has dozens of theorems bearing his own last name.

Works

References

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Biography

Augustin Louis Cauchy

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References

Biography

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"Leonhard Euler (1707-1783) is the greatest mathematician of the eighteenth century.

LEONHARD EULER

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Works

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Biography

A genius mathematician who gave meaning to the theory of many scientists and fit many formulas in his short life of 40 years

Bernhard Riemann

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Biography

(1862 -1943 )

"Wir müssen wissen, wir werden wissen. (We need to know, we will.)"

David Hilbert

George Cantor

David Hilbert

Cahit Arf

modern age

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Works

References

work2

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Biography

(1910-1997)

"I dedicated my life to mathematics, in return it gave me my life back."

CAHİT ARF

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Cantor's work

References

Cantor's Axiom

Diagonal Argument

Biography

Τhe matician who managed to measure infinity and ... ended up in a psychiatric hospital.

George Cantor