Development

dEvelopment

Geography

Indicators of development

Development/improvement in the quality of lifeIn low income countries occurs when:

• local food suply improves
• electricity grid extends
• levels of literacy improves

Gross National Product

Total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year + Income earned by residents from foreign investments - Income earned within the domestic economy by overseas residents

Indicators

Life expectancy

Literacy

• key to mesure inequality
• influences:

- diseases - physical and human enviromental conditions - personal lifestyle

• key to socio-economic development
• adult literacy
• improving female literacy

Indicators

Infant Mortality

Others

• sensitive indicator of socio economic progress

• school enrolment
• doctors per 100000 people
• food intake
• population with access to water supply

Human Development Index

• Measure of the disparities between countries
• Maximum value of 1.0

Inequalities between countries

NICs

• Nations that have a successful industralisation since 1960s
• Four Asian tigers success:

- level of infrastructure - low-cost worforce - bank loans

• Tiger economy

Development gap

Economic policies

Physical geography

• landlocked countries
• small island countries
• tropical countries

• open economies
• rates of saving and spending
• institutional quality

Development gap

Demography

• transition is a significant factor
• birth rate falls=higher rate of growth

Consequences of the development gap

Inequalities within countries

Gini coefficient

• show the extent income inequality
• allows:

- analysis of change - comparison

• value:

- perfect equality - perfect inequality

Theory of regional disparities

• cumulative causation
• stages:

- pre-industrial - rapid economic growth - regional economic growth

Theory of regional disparities

Movement from stage 1 to stage 2:

• market forces
• goverment regional development policies

Factors affecting inequalities

Residence

Ethnicity and employement

• regional differences
• urban/rural disparities
• intra-urban constrasts

• ethnic groups below dominant
• formal sector
• informal sector

Land ownership

Education

• tenure provides a level of security

• higher levels of education = better paid
• higher levels of education = small families

Classyfying production

Primary sector

Product chain

exploites raw materials

Secondary sector

manufactures primary materials into finished products

Tertiary sector

provide services to businesses and people

Quaternary sector

high technology to provide information

How employement structure varies

• mechanisation of primary sector
• secondary and tertiary sector expanded
• human replaced by robots
• more quaternary sector in developed countries
• poor countries are primary product dependent

Employement structure

Process of globalisation

Transnational corporations

• firm that owns productive operations in more than a country
• main drivers og "global shift"
• in developing countries
• huge impact in global economy

Process of globalisation

Technology

• major advances reduced geogrphical barriers
• transport systems
• communication systems
• diffusion has speeded up
• internet is the fastest-growing mode of communication
• global internet penetration rate

Process of globalisation

Impact of globalisation: global scale

Changing world economic order

Development of a hierarchy of global cities

• point in he global economic system
• ex: New York, London
• number of them has increased
• more competition between major cities

Impact of globalisation: global scale

International movement of workers

Global movement of commodities

• spanned
• migration of labour is a key

• high prices
• shows lifestyle

Development of mass tourism

Enviromental degradation

• increase
• higher-growth industry

• air pollution
• declines of biodiversity

Impact of globalisation: global scale

Increasing uniformity of landscapes

• industrial, agricultural, tourit and transport have becaome more uniform
• lose of "uniqueness"

Impact of globalisation: global scale

Global civil society

Cultural diffusion

• spreading of cultural traits
• mixing of cultures
• migration
• rapid spread of news
• growth of global brands
• internet

• enviromentalgroups, charities
• new networks of communication
• political protests

Impact of globalisation: national scale

• loss of sovereignty
• many jobs can be lost because of TNCs
• high levels of international migration
• increase consumption of resources
• competition for energy

Impact of globalisation: local scale

• small local bussinesses can not compete with global companies
• more multicultural and culturally diverse
• ethnic villages
• increase of international migration cause a family to spread over