Organic Macromolecules

Concepts & Connections (Ch.3)

Organic Macromolecules

Overview of Biomolecules

Amoeba Sisters

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Team Macromolecules

AKA MUSCLE WOMAN

Protein

Carbohydrate

AKA SPLENDA BABY

Lipid

AKA FAT FRY

Nucleic Acids

AKA THE GREAT FATTY ACID

Carbohydrates

The next few slides will help deepen your understaning of what a "carb" is.

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How do carbohydrates impact your health?

TedED

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Deepen Your Understanding of Carbohydrates

Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates: Carbohydrates range from small sugar molecules (monomers) to large polysaccharides.

Monosaccharides can be hooked together to form more complex sugars and polysaccharides. They are the main fuels for cellular work and used as raw materials to manufacture other organic molecules.

Sugar monomers are monosaccharides, such as those found in honeyEx: glucose and fructose (Note: the “-ose” ending)

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Deepen Your Understanding of Carbohydrates

Polysaccharides are macromolecules polymers composed of thousands of monosaccharidesPolysaccharides may function as storage molecules structural compounds

Glycogen is a polysaccharide composed of glucose monomers used by animals for energy storage

Starch is a polysaccharide composed of glucose monomers used by plants for energy storage

Lipids

The next few slides will help deepen your understaning of what "fat" is.

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Introduction to Lipids

Khan Academy

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Lipid? Fat? Lets Talk About It...

Fats are lipids that are mostly energy-storage molecules

Lipids consist mainly of carbon and hydrogen atoms linked by nonpolar covalent bonds.

Lipids are water insoluble (hydrophobic, or water-fearing) compounds,

Lipids differ from carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids in that they are:

• not huge molecules
• not built from monomers

Lipids are important in long-term energy storage

Lipids contain twice as much energy as a polysaccharide, and

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Different Types of Lipids

Lipids vary a great deal in structure and function.

Steroids

Fats

Phospholipids

A fat is a large lipid made from two kinds of smaller molecules,-glycerol-fatty acids A fatty acid can link to glycerol by a dehydration reaction. A fat contains one glycerol linked to three fatty acids. Fats are often called triglycerides because of their structure.

Steroids are lipids in which the carbon skeleton contains four fused rings. Cholesterol is a common component in animal cell membranes starting material for making steroids, including sex hormones

Phospholipids arestructurally similar to fats The major component of all cells Phospholipids are structurally similar to fats. Fats contain three fatty acids attached to glycerol Phospholipids contain two fatty acids attached to glycerol

Proteins

The next few slides will help deepen your understaning of what a "protein" is.

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Proteins

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Proteins are made from amino acids linked by peptide bonds

Amino acid monomers are linked together in a dehydration reaction joining carboxyl group of one amino acid to the amino group of the next amino acid creating a peptide bond

Proteins are involved in nearly every dynamic function in your body

Proteins very diverse, with tens of thousands of different proteins, each with a specific structure and function, in the human body

Additional amino acids can be added by the same process to create a chain of amino acids called a polypeptide.

Proteins are composed of differing arrangements of a common set of just 20 amino acid monomers.

Probably the most important role for proteins is as enzymes, proteins that serve as metabolic catalysts regulate the chemical reactions within cells

Amino acids have an amino group a carboxyl group (which makes it an acid)

Also bonded to the central carbon is a hydrogen atom and a chemical group symbolized by R, which determines the specific properties of each of the 20 amino acids used to make proteins.

Nucleic Acids

The next few slides will help deepen your understaning of what Nucleic Acids are.

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You've Arrived at last: Your Genes

DNA programs a cell’s activities by directing the synthesis of proteins.

DNA and RNA are the two types of nucleic acids

The amino acid sequence of a polypeptide is programmed by a discrete unit of inheritance known as a gene.

DNA works through an intermediary, ribonucleic acid (RNA).

• DNA is transcribed into RNA.
• RNA is translated into proteins.

Genes consist of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), a type of nucleic acid.

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid) are composed of monomers called nucleotides.Nucleotides have three parts:

• a five-carbon sugar (ribose in RNA and deoxyribose in DNA)
• a phosphate group
• a nitrogenous base

DNA is inherited from an organism’s parents.

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DNA provides directions for its own replication.

You've Arrived at last: Your Genes

RNA

• also has A, C, and G
• but instead of T, it has uracil (U)

DNA nitrogenous bases are

• adenine (A)
• thymine (T)
• cytosine (C)
• guanine (G)

RNA is usually a single polynucleotide strand.

Two polynucleotide strands wrap around each other to form a DNA double helix.

• The two strands are associated because particular bases always hydrogen bond to one another.
• A pairs with T, and C pairs with G, producing base pairs.