Cognitive Linguistics
START
Outline
5. Metaphoric Thought
4. Metonymic Thought
1. Introduction
2. Categorization of Experience
3. Framing Knowledge
6. Image-Schematic Understanding
7. Figure-Ground Alignment in Grammar
8. Scope of Attention
9. Mental Spaces
10. Cognitive Grammar
1. Introduction
- What distinguishes cognitive linguistics from other kinds of linguistics is the attempt to describe and explain language use with reference to a number of cognitive processes.
- Cognitive liunguistics is a scientific endeavor to account for the meaningfulness of human experience, be it linguistic, social, cultural, or whatever.
2. Categorization of Experience
To have a conceptual category
Human meaning making depends on how we categorize
The membersofthe category must share certain essensial features
- Entities
- Events
Fillmore, Lackoff and Tayloroffered a new option
The classical view of categories is based on the idea of essential features
+ info
2. Categorization of Experience
Prototype Categorization Become the cornerstone of Cognitive linguistics.
Applies to three levels
- Everyday concepts
- Sense of words
- linguistics concepts
John Austin extended the notion of categories to the sense of words
The categories have an internal structure that is organized around prototypes
Central
Non Central
3. Framing Knowledge
- Categories are mentally represented as frames, schemas, or models.
- A frame is a structured mental representation of a coherent organization of human experience.
- World is the product of some prior categorization and framing by ourselves and others.
- Different individuals can interpret the “same” reality in different ways.
4. Metonymic Thought
Metonymy is a cognitive process
Kovecses and Radden
A conceptiual element (thing, event, property) provides mental acces to another conceptual entity within the same idealized cognitive model ICM
the target
the vehicle
Our knowledge of the world comes from:
- Structured frames
- Schemas
- ICMs
This can be constitued as a whole with parts
+ info
4. Metonymic Thought
Categories themselves have a part-whole structure
The Category and Property Frame
The Category and Property ICM
The Category and Member ICM
The whole category stands for a member
A property can stand fot the entire category.
The properties used to define the category.The categories as a whole has properties as parts.
+ info
+ info
+ info
5. Metaphoric Thought
A metaphor is a cognitive process
In wich one domain of experience (A ) is understood in terms of another domain of experience (B).
Metaphor = source (B) + target domain (A)
Conceptual metaphors are motivated by:
- Embodiment
- Similarity
Life (source) is a more physical whileJourney (target) is a more abstract kind of domain.
6. Image-Schematic Understanding
ohnson defines it as a dynamic patter of our perceptual interactions
Image schemas function as the foundation of thoughts. You should consider the following points to demostrate how they perform it.
The container image-schema
The source-path-goal schema
The image-schema of force
6. Figure-ground alignment in grammar
It has to do with how we talk about spatial relations in language. We talk about how one entity is positioned with respect to another entity. The figure-ground alignment is an asymmetrical relation. The figure should come first in the sentence, followed by the ground.
"The bike is near the house"
bike = figure house = ground
+ info
7. Figure-Ground Alignment in Grammar
This feature involves not only static relation but also spatial relation in which one entity moves in relation to another.
Complex sentences can be construed in terms of figure-ground alignment
the main clause corresponds to the figure
the subordinate clause to the ground.
- I read while she sewed = asymmetrical relation
- I read and she sewed = symmetrical relation
8. Scope of Attention
It is the peripherial area of attention
The focus and scope of attention have consequences for the grammaticality of senteces
A finger has three knuckles anda fingernail. A body has twenty eight knuckles Knuckle has as its immediate scope: the hand and the finger
8. Scalar Adjustment
We can have a coarse-grained or a fine-grained view of the same situation:She ran across the field. (coarse-grained) She ran through the field. (coarse-grained)
The notion of scalar adjustment has to do with how closely we attend to the details of the scene. This aspect was studied extensively by Talmy
Scalar adjustment is not limited to visual experience only. We can say: “John’s being silly,” fine-grained= John’s silliness is temporary “John’s silly.” it is his permanent personality
8. Dynamic and Static Attetion
Our attention can scan a scen: Statically or Dynamically
Langacker:
Talmy
Fictive motion allows to view this scene dinamically, as if it ere moving
Dynamic Situations are constitued by means of sequential scanning
"The road windst hrough the valley and then climbs over high mountains"
"The Boston Bridge collapsed"
The two kinds of scanning are usedby languages to distinguish things and relations
9. Mental Spaces
It is a key idea in cognitive linguistic approaches to the understanding of how people make sense of utterances in the course of online communication
Fauconnier
The girl with blue eyes has green eyes.
In the picture, the girl with blue eyes has green eyes.
There are two mental spaces here
- The mental space of reality, as we represent it to ourselves. (Base space)
- The mental space of the picture, as we perceive it. (Model space)
10. Cognitive Grammar
A Sketch of Cognitive Grammar
Linguistic signs have been defined as pairings of form and meaning.
They include not just words but other units of language
Cognitive Grammar
Grammar is a complex cognitive system that organizes and with meaning the way we communicate with each other.The theory of constructions in grammar goes against the still dominant view of grammar — generative grammar.
They are extended “horizontally,” including bound morphemes (like -ed), fixed expressions like , how are you?, and idioms like add fuel to the fire, .
They are extended “vertically” in cognitive linguistics . Words = word classes (Noun)The combinations of words = general syntactic categories and phrases, such as DET + N = NP (noun phrase),
Cognitive grammar is essentially a construction grammar in this sense, where constructions are form-and-meaning pairs
Bibliography
shttp://seas3.elte.hu/VLlxx/kove cses.html
01
02
Fillmore (1982), Lakoff & Taylor (1987)
03
Kovecses and Radden 1999. Towards a theory of metonymy. In: Panther & Radden 1999: 17–59.
04
Talmy, Leonard. 1988. Force Dynamics in Language and Cognition. Cognitive Science 12: 49–100
05
Langacker, Ronald. 1987. Foundations of Cognitive Grammar. Theoretical Prerequisites. Vol. 1. Stanford: Stanford University Press
Thank you!
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Transcript
Cognitive Linguistics
START
Outline
5. Metaphoric Thought
4. Metonymic Thought
1. Introduction
2. Categorization of Experience
3. Framing Knowledge
6. Image-Schematic Understanding
7. Figure-Ground Alignment in Grammar
8. Scope of Attention
9. Mental Spaces
10. Cognitive Grammar
1. Introduction
2. Categorization of Experience
To have a conceptual category
Human meaning making depends on how we categorize
The membersofthe category must share certain essensial features
Fillmore, Lackoff and Tayloroffered a new option
The classical view of categories is based on the idea of essential features
+ info
2. Categorization of Experience
Prototype Categorization Become the cornerstone of Cognitive linguistics.
Applies to three levels
John Austin extended the notion of categories to the sense of words
The categories have an internal structure that is organized around prototypes
Central
Non Central
3. Framing Knowledge
4. Metonymic Thought
Metonymy is a cognitive process
Kovecses and Radden
A conceptiual element (thing, event, property) provides mental acces to another conceptual entity within the same idealized cognitive model ICM
the target
the vehicle
Our knowledge of the world comes from:
This can be constitued as a whole with parts
+ info
4. Metonymic Thought
Categories themselves have a part-whole structure
The Category and Property Frame
The Category and Property ICM
The Category and Member ICM
The whole category stands for a member
A property can stand fot the entire category.
The properties used to define the category.The categories as a whole has properties as parts.
+ info
+ info
+ info
5. Metaphoric Thought
A metaphor is a cognitive process
In wich one domain of experience (A ) is understood in terms of another domain of experience (B).
Metaphor = source (B) + target domain (A)
Conceptual metaphors are motivated by:
Life (source) is a more physical whileJourney (target) is a more abstract kind of domain.
6. Image-Schematic Understanding
ohnson defines it as a dynamic patter of our perceptual interactions
Image schemas function as the foundation of thoughts. You should consider the following points to demostrate how they perform it.
The container image-schema
The source-path-goal schema
The image-schema of force
6. Figure-ground alignment in grammar
It has to do with how we talk about spatial relations in language. We talk about how one entity is positioned with respect to another entity. The figure-ground alignment is an asymmetrical relation. The figure should come first in the sentence, followed by the ground.
"The bike is near the house"
bike = figure house = ground
+ info
7. Figure-Ground Alignment in Grammar
This feature involves not only static relation but also spatial relation in which one entity moves in relation to another.
Complex sentences can be construed in terms of figure-ground alignment
the main clause corresponds to the figure
the subordinate clause to the ground.
8. Scope of Attention
It is the peripherial area of attention
The focus and scope of attention have consequences for the grammaticality of senteces
A finger has three knuckles anda fingernail. A body has twenty eight knuckles Knuckle has as its immediate scope: the hand and the finger
8. Scalar Adjustment
We can have a coarse-grained or a fine-grained view of the same situation:She ran across the field. (coarse-grained) She ran through the field. (coarse-grained)
The notion of scalar adjustment has to do with how closely we attend to the details of the scene. This aspect was studied extensively by Talmy
Scalar adjustment is not limited to visual experience only. We can say: “John’s being silly,” fine-grained= John’s silliness is temporary “John’s silly.” it is his permanent personality
8. Dynamic and Static Attetion
Our attention can scan a scen: Statically or Dynamically
Langacker:
Talmy
Fictive motion allows to view this scene dinamically, as if it ere moving
Dynamic Situations are constitued by means of sequential scanning
"The road windst hrough the valley and then climbs over high mountains"
"The Boston Bridge collapsed"
The two kinds of scanning are usedby languages to distinguish things and relations
9. Mental Spaces
It is a key idea in cognitive linguistic approaches to the understanding of how people make sense of utterances in the course of online communication
Fauconnier
The girl with blue eyes has green eyes. In the picture, the girl with blue eyes has green eyes.
There are two mental spaces here
10. Cognitive Grammar
A Sketch of Cognitive Grammar
Linguistic signs have been defined as pairings of form and meaning.
They include not just words but other units of language
Cognitive Grammar
Grammar is a complex cognitive system that organizes and with meaning the way we communicate with each other.The theory of constructions in grammar goes against the still dominant view of grammar — generative grammar.
They are extended “horizontally,” including bound morphemes (like -ed), fixed expressions like , how are you?, and idioms like add fuel to the fire, .
They are extended “vertically” in cognitive linguistics . Words = word classes (Noun)The combinations of words = general syntactic categories and phrases, such as DET + N = NP (noun phrase),
Cognitive grammar is essentially a construction grammar in this sense, where constructions are form-and-meaning pairs
Bibliography
shttp://seas3.elte.hu/VLlxx/kove cses.html
01
02
Fillmore (1982), Lakoff & Taylor (1987)
03
Kovecses and Radden 1999. Towards a theory of metonymy. In: Panther & Radden 1999: 17–59.
04
Talmy, Leonard. 1988. Force Dynamics in Language and Cognition. Cognitive Science 12: 49–100
05
Langacker, Ronald. 1987. Foundations of Cognitive Grammar. Theoretical Prerequisites. Vol. 1. Stanford: Stanford University Press
Thank you!