The Earth
The structure and dynamics of
index
The origin of the solar system and the earth
horizontal movements of the lithosphere
The internal engine
The internal structure of the earth
Vertical movements of the lithosphere
plate tectonics
The geodynamic model
01
the origin of the solar system and the earth
- Astronomers calculate that the Solar System began to form 5 million years ago.
- The most widely accepted hypotesis about the formation of the Solar System is Planetesimal Accretion.
The Earth and its spheres
The Eart can be divides into four systems or spheres: geosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere.Although each sphere is separate, they all interact very closely with each other. Matter end energy are constantly being exchanged between the four spheres
homework
02
the internal structure of the earth
Geologists study earthquakes to understand the interior of the Earth.Earthquakes are violent shaking events caused by sudden movements of the crust. They occur when large masses of rock located at a fault lines suddenly slip past one another, releasing energy.
+ info
- These are the fastest waves and therefore the first to reach the seismograph, a machine that records seismic waves.
- There are areas of compression and expansion, oscillations in each wave.
- As it travels, the wave shakes the ground backwards and forwards.
- Waves can travel trough solid and liquid materials. However, they travel through liquids more slowly.
- These are slower, so they are detected by seismographs after the P-waves.
- The oscillations are at rigth angles to the direction of travel.
- They travel through solids, but not liquids.
- The layers of the Earth vary in chemical composition and mechanical behaviour.
- As seismic waves travel through each layer, they can be reflected or refracted. This causes the waves to change speed of direction.
- Seismologists analyse seismic waves to reduce the physical state of each layer: rigid, malleable or fluid.
- They also detect the depth of seismic discontinuities or boundaries between layers.
Geochemical model
Is based on the chemical composition of the internal layers of the Earth. It divides the Earth into three layers: crust, mantle and core. Within this layers are three seismic discontinuities, each one named after its discoverer.
core
mantle
crust
This layer is made up of igneous rocks rich in iron and magnesium silicates. One is peridotte, which consists primarily of the mineral olivine.
It consists of almost pure iron mixed with a small percent of iron sulphiden and nickel
This layer consists primarily of aluminium silicates.There are two types: continental crust and oceanic crust.
+ info
+ info
03
the geodynamic model
characteristics
- It is based on the physical state of the layers: plasticity, rigidity and density.
- Is is also based on the mechanical properties of the layers, that is, how they respond to changes in pressure and temperature.
- The Earth is a heat engine. Within it, temperature changes cause atoms and molecules to agitate.
- This agitation modifies the structure and composition of materials,generating movement and pressure.
- This pressure can be released slowly or quickly, transforming thermal energy into mechanical energy.
Geodynamic model
This model divides the Eath into five layers. From the surface inwards, they are: the lithosphere, asthenosphere, mesosphere, D'' layer and the core.
04
The internal engine of the earth
The internal dynamics of the Earth depend on two factors:
HEAT
GRAVITY
- The internal temperature of the Earth increases as the distance from the surface increases.- The greater the depth, the higher the temperature.- This is called geothermal gradient.- In the crus, the geothermal gradient is 3ºC per 100 m, but in volcanic areas, it can be as high as 10ºC per 100 m.
heat flow in the geosphere
Heat travels from the hot interior of the Earth up to the surface.The amount of heat that reaches the surface is called the heat flow. This heat may be transmitted by conduction, but rocks have low conductivity. As a result, transmission takes place very slowly.
05
Vertical movements of the lithosphere
The rigid lithosphere floats on top of the sublithospheric mantle (astenosphere).The state of gravitational equilibrium between the two layers is called isostasy.
A increase in wight on top of the lithosphere can cause it to sink. This is called subsidence. In contrast, ice thaw and erosion reduce the wight on top of the blocks. This is called uplift.
+ info
06
horizontal movements of the lithosphere
Until the begining of the twentieth century, most scientists believed that the continents had always been fixed in the same positions.
wegener and the continental drif theory
Various theories about the horizontal movements of the continents were developed.The most complete and significant was proposed by Alfred Wegener in 1912: the theory of continental drift.
Wegener presented considerable evidence to support his theory:
info
info
info
info
info
SEAFLOOR SPREADING
Lorem Ipsum Dolor
07
PLATE TECTONICS
Plates
Wilson studied the global distribution of earthquakes and volcanoes adn developed the concept of plates.
John Tuzo Wilson 1965
PRINCIPLES OF PLATE TECTONICS
evidence of plate tectonics
relative movements of plates
gracias
The sturcture and dynamics of the earth
Leticia Alonso
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Transcript
The Earth
The structure and dynamics of
index
The origin of the solar system and the earth
horizontal movements of the lithosphere
The internal engine
The internal structure of the earth
Vertical movements of the lithosphere
plate tectonics
The geodynamic model
01
the origin of the solar system and the earth
The Earth and its spheres
The Eart can be divides into four systems or spheres: geosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere.Although each sphere is separate, they all interact very closely with each other. Matter end energy are constantly being exchanged between the four spheres
homework
02
the internal structure of the earth
Geologists study earthquakes to understand the interior of the Earth.Earthquakes are violent shaking events caused by sudden movements of the crust. They occur when large masses of rock located at a fault lines suddenly slip past one another, releasing energy.
+ info
Geochemical model
Is based on the chemical composition of the internal layers of the Earth. It divides the Earth into three layers: crust, mantle and core. Within this layers are three seismic discontinuities, each one named after its discoverer.
core
mantle
crust
This layer is made up of igneous rocks rich in iron and magnesium silicates. One is peridotte, which consists primarily of the mineral olivine.
It consists of almost pure iron mixed with a small percent of iron sulphiden and nickel
This layer consists primarily of aluminium silicates.There are two types: continental crust and oceanic crust.
+ info
+ info
03
the geodynamic model
characteristics
Geodynamic model
This model divides the Eath into five layers. From the surface inwards, they are: the lithosphere, asthenosphere, mesosphere, D'' layer and the core.
04
The internal engine of the earth
The internal dynamics of the Earth depend on two factors:
HEAT
GRAVITY
- The internal temperature of the Earth increases as the distance from the surface increases.- The greater the depth, the higher the temperature.- This is called geothermal gradient.- In the crus, the geothermal gradient is 3ºC per 100 m, but in volcanic areas, it can be as high as 10ºC per 100 m.
heat flow in the geosphere
Heat travels from the hot interior of the Earth up to the surface.The amount of heat that reaches the surface is called the heat flow. This heat may be transmitted by conduction, but rocks have low conductivity. As a result, transmission takes place very slowly.
05
Vertical movements of the lithosphere
The rigid lithosphere floats on top of the sublithospheric mantle (astenosphere).The state of gravitational equilibrium between the two layers is called isostasy.
A increase in wight on top of the lithosphere can cause it to sink. This is called subsidence. In contrast, ice thaw and erosion reduce the wight on top of the blocks. This is called uplift.
+ info
06
horizontal movements of the lithosphere
Until the begining of the twentieth century, most scientists believed that the continents had always been fixed in the same positions.
wegener and the continental drif theory
Various theories about the horizontal movements of the continents were developed.The most complete and significant was proposed by Alfred Wegener in 1912: the theory of continental drift.
Wegener presented considerable evidence to support his theory:
info
info
info
info
info
SEAFLOOR SPREADING
Lorem Ipsum Dolor
07
PLATE TECTONICS
Plates
Wilson studied the global distribution of earthquakes and volcanoes adn developed the concept of plates.
John Tuzo Wilson 1965
PRINCIPLES OF PLATE TECTONICS
evidence of plate tectonics
relative movements of plates
gracias